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    # 執行環境與作用域 :::info JavaScript 是屬於直譯式語言,它會直接透過直譯器來產生代碼,並且運行代碼 ::: ## 執行的錯誤情境 * **RHS (Right Hand Side)**:RHS 取值來自於右側的變數上 * **LHS (Left Hand Side)**:LHS 取值來自於左側的變數上 ``` 把「小明」賦予到左側的變數上,就稱為 LHS var ming = '小明' ``` ``` 右邊的值是使用 RHS 取得變數,並且透過 LHS 賦予到左邊的變數 var min = ming ``` ## 語法作用域 ![](https://i.imgur.com/O8mE7To.png) * **靜態作用域**:語法作用域又稱為 **靜態作用域**,所以會在與法解析時就已經確定作用域,而且不會再改變。 * **動態作用域**:變數的作用域會在函式調用時才決定。 ### 範圍鍊 Scope Chain JavaScript 是採用 **語法作用域**,所以當函式建立時,作用域就已經被限制在函式範圍內,當在函式內宣告變數時,外層是無法讀取的。 ```javascript= function fn() { var min = '小明' console.log(min) // 小明 } fn() console.log(min) // min is not defined ``` 也就是說,每個函式的作用域都是獨立的,如果在函式作用域內需要特定變數,但是作用域內並沒有特定變數,此時就會向外查找;如果向外查找也沒有的話,就會出現 <font color="red">`ReferenceError: b is not defined`</font> 的錯誤。 而這個向外尋找變數的過程,就叫做 **範圍鍊**,範圍練取決於函式的作用域,與執行環境沒有關係。 ```javascript= var a = 'a' function fn1() { console.log(a) } function fn2() { console.log(b) } fn1() fn2() ``` ### 容易搞混的靜態作用域 :zap: :::danger 函式建立時就已經確定作用域,並且**不會改變** ::: 因此以下範例來說,當 fn1 建立時就已經確定了 value 的值為 1,就算在 fn2 重新宣告並呼叫,`value = 2` 的有效作用範圍僅止於 fn2 內,並不會影響 fn1 的內容。 ```javascript= var value = 1 function fn1() { console.log(value) // 1 } function fn2() { var value = 2 fn1() } fn2() ``` ## 執行環境 :::info 建立函式後並執行 (呼叫) 函式,會產生執行環境 ::: 舉例來說,如果在函式內宣告一個變數,那變數的作用域就會被限制在函式內,但是如果函式沒有被執行,就不產生執行環境,也就不會有任何變數產生。也就是說,如果函式反覆被執行,就會不斷產生新的執行環境。 全域也有屬於自己的執行環境,建立時機在網頁一開啟,或是後端 Node.js 一開啟時,執行環境就會被建立。 ## 執行堆疊 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vePAq5r.png) 1. 當網頁一開啟時,會先建立全域執行環境 2. 呼叫 doSomething 時,就會建立 doSomething 的執行環境,並且堆疊在全域執行環境之上 3. 在 doSomething 內呼叫 sayHi 函式,此時 sayHi 的執行環境就會堆疊在 doSomething :::danger 執行環境是一層一層堆疊上去,和函式宣告的時機沒有關聯,而是和函式被呼叫的位置有關 ::: --- ## 參考資料 * [JavaScript 核心篇](https://www.hexschool.com/courses/js-core.html)

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