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    # 肺炎疫情下的城市环卫工:单位发纱口罩/自己买口罩/洗了继续用 “武汉肺炎”牵动了太多国人的心,因为疫情的快速升级和接连的湖北封省,再加上时近春节,也让全国各类医疗防护物资都处于极度匮乏的状况。不仅在核心疫区和医院没法及时获得必需的医疗物资,人民日常生活所需的口罩防护用品也迅速哄抢一空。 我们的目光都在武汉,一部分人在为武汉/湖北加油,一部分人在各地排挤武汉/湖北同胞。疫情触恸着国人的心灵,也撕裂了公共讨论。在所有讨论之中,无论是救助上的物资调配,还是政策上的封城、假期延长,都没能把维系城市运作的高易感人群纳入关注之中,他/她们是环卫工、还有外卖员、售货员、忙碌于交通业、饮食业等的服务工人。 **“他们有口罩吗?他们得到了足够的防护吗?”** 对于这一群长期失语的不可见群体,他们的真实状况是从未被人感知到的。疫情到了, 在疫区外的大多数我们,可以留在家里、规避公众场合来保护自己;但是对于环卫工群体,他们365天都在马路上,城市一天都离不开他们。他们几乎是任何传染性疾病的高危人群,不仅在工作中长期曝光在充满病菌的环境和社会人群当中,还需要处理城市居民所生产丢弃的污染物,承受的健康风险可想而知。 “武汉肺炎”的传播之强之广令人警惕,在不到一个月期间确诊案例接近6,000,已经超过2003年的“非典”,其中重症和死亡人群主要集中在中老年群体。事实上,很多环卫工也恰恰处于这个易感年龄阶段,男性平均年龄50岁以上,女性40岁以上。他们会笑称自己为“垃圾公”“垃圾婆”,若不是生活所迫所需,亦不会来从事这个行业。 **没有防护的隐形防疫前线** 疫情来得太突然了。环卫工坚守的岗位,成了隐形的防疫前线——清理垃圾、维系城市清洁,然而很多人此前并未接受过任何的卫生防护教育和培训,亦有很多人因不熟络网络无法及时了解疫情,不懂得学习如何在工作中保护自己。一份深圳高中生走访当地环卫工的记录中提到,有环卫工表示“不是很了解,忙得没时间看新闻”。 疫情在网络社群中炸开,但在环卫工眼里,可能就是“是不是要加班”;他们甚至都没法对任何强加的工作说“不”,因为单位会恐吓威胁他们丢工作。至于如何做好防护,工友只能是一知半解,环卫单位提供的劳动防护保障近乎无效。 超过100位广州环卫工参与的一份问卷调查显示,仅有75%环卫工全天佩戴口罩上岗,没有口罩的原因则有很多,因为“口罩买不到,单位没有发”的比例接近70%。即便是发了口罩,却仅有30%的口罩是符合防护病毒标准的“医用外科口罩”或“N95”口罩,少于7%的人平均每天可以有两个口罩使用(环卫工分两班倒,理论上至少一天需要两个一次性口罩)。至于单位发放消毒液(5.7%)和防护手套(10.5%)的比例更是少之又少了。 **“单位只发了纱布口罩”、“买不到口罩,洗了重复用”** 依据国家卫健委发布的新型肺炎防护指南中强调,外出前往公共场所、就医和乘坐公共交通工具时,[“应佩戴医用外科口罩或N95口罩”](http://tfcaijing.com/article/page/366336474b66717a69702b386875463732304e7674513d3d)。环卫工的工作场所决定了其必须要有足够的防护才可上岗,否则就是活生生的让工人暴露在危险的病毒环境当中。 但是,令人心寒的是,就连处于疫情中心的湖北环卫工人连基本的口罩防护都没有。1月28日的新浪湖北的报道[《环卫作业+自身防护"双保险" 汉阳环卫工化身“消毒行家”》](http://hb.sina.com.cn/news/b/2020-01-28/detail-iihnzhha5143018.shtml),从文中图片可以清楚看到执行防疫消毒的环卫工佩戴的是一般医用口罩和棉纱口罩。据网络资料,棉纱口罩仅可以挡风、保暖、隔绝灰尘等较大颗粒物,对病毒细菌等无阻挡作用。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/CkEZWzF.jpg) *新浪湖北新闻报道图片* 也有来自广州的环卫工人表示疫情发生以来都没发口罩,“单位发放通知,叫我们每天都带口罩,单位没有发,市场上面又买不了”。还有单位1月25日发放的是棉纱口罩,要求环卫工人“统一佩戴…注意定期清洗更换”。部分工人更发挥奇招,将自己购买的N95用过之后洗净消毒后晾干继续用,即便已经网络上证明为无效,但工人不得已只能持续重复使用,“艰难时刻,买不到口罩啊,只好凑合着了…” ![](https://i.imgur.com/ygdUAIK.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/crKfwSA.jpg) *上图是环卫工用的口罩以及来自班长的指示* 谁都怕死,但我们怕死可以延长假期、可以在家办公,但他们不行——这是他/她们的工作,城市需要他/她们的劳动。疫情之下,政府防疫要求必须佩戴口罩,环卫单位也要求上岗必须佩戴口罩,但是却没有给环卫工提供合乎标准的防护劳保用品——口罩依旧是那些洗了又洗的纱布口罩,纱布手套用到破也没得换,甚至很多地方的环卫工必须要自己掏钱来购置这些劳保。 《劳动法》第五十四条规定了用人单位必须为劳动者提供符合国家规定的劳动安全卫生条件和必要的劳动防护用品。广州的那份问卷提示超过93%的环卫工每天没有提供足额口罩(多数还不合格),90%以上的环卫企业也没有提供手套和手消毒液,可见大多数的环卫企业对劳动法是置若罔闻,弃置不顾。当下“武汉肺炎”疫情仍未控制,环卫工防疫工作量必然随着春运返城人流增加而骤增,风险也必然增加,**我们要试问环卫的主管城管部门和环卫企业,还要对此视若无睹,放之不管?** 民间必然不会原谅此等懒政和不作为。深圳、北京、上海和广州已经开始有志愿者自筹资金为在地的环卫工购买口罩手套、消毒液等物品,**虽杯水车薪,但却令人无比欣慰,可这样的举动是否能够“逼”得政府部门尽快出来解决呢?** **超过300万的环卫工群体,虽是老弱病残,但是他她们在城市的身影值得被看见,也值得被尊重。** *附上其他环卫工在用的口罩图* ![](https://i.imgur.com/8aUrTo4.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/3BXqHiR.jpg) ![](https://i.imgur.com/lF33kMt.jpg)

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