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    # N個括號的匹配數 ## 遞迴 想法:遍歷N個個位置,每次決定要選左括號還右括號,並滿足以下條件 1. 如果右括號等於n時代表結尾(左括號必大於等於右括號,此時兩個括號都等於n) 2. 如果左括號等於n時只能選擇右括號 3. 如果左括號等於右括號時只能選擇左括號,因為任何時候右括號都要小於等於左括號 4. 否則可選左括號和右括號 ```cpp= void rec(int l,int r){ if(r==n){ //1. ans++; return; }else if(l==n){ //2. rec(l,r+1); }else if(l==r){ //3. rec(l+1,r); }else{ //4. rec(l+1,r); rec(l,r+1); } } ``` 缺點:O(2^n^),n=20時就超過百萬了,更大就會直接TLE,不能算到更大的數 ## 公式 [卡特蘭數](https://oeis.org/A000108) 公式: ``` 2n! ----------- n!(n+1)! ``` 有可能在算2n!的時候就溢位了,所以邊乘邊除可以避免,另外2n!和n!可以先約分 ``` n=4 計算方式為乘上面第一個元素,除下面第一個元素,乘上面第二個元素,除下面第二個元素... 8*7*6*5 ------- 1*2*3*4*5 ans=1 ans=ans*8/1*7/2*6/3*5/4*5/5 ``` 也可以把最後面的5約掉,但不會快多少就是了 ```cpp= long long formula(){ long long ans=1; for(int i=2*n,j=1;i>n || j<=n+1;i--,j++){ if(i>n) ans*=i; if(j<=n+1) ans/=j; } return ans; } ``` 這樣就可以算到30了,更大就要利用大數運算 ## DP 定義dp[L][R]為取L個左括號和R個右括號的方法數,所以答案就是dp[L][R],每次可轉移的方法為在符合L>=R中,可取左括號或右括號,所以狀態轉移為: ``` dp[L][R]=dp[L-1][R]+dp[L][R-1] ``` 可以把這表格看作是一個二維陣列,把橫坐標當作是L,縱座標當作是R,符合L>=R就代表在左下到右下斜線的右邊轉移,每個位置都符合L>=R,最大就是在斜線上,L==R,初始化時只需要注意L的邊界就好了,因為R不可能會比L(=0)大 ```cpp= void bottom_up(int n){ vector<vector<int>> dp(n+1,vector<int>(n+1)); for(int l=1;l<=n;l++) dp[l][0]=1; //L數量的任意排列都是1 for(int l=1;l<=n;l++){ for(int r=1;r<=l;r++){ dp[l][r]=dp[l-1][r]+dp[l][r-1]; } } ans=dp[n][n]; } ```

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