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    # 工程光學考試整理 讀書時順手把資料整理下。 ~~如有勘誤還請不吝指教。打電話給蔡宗祐叫他起床修BUG。~~ ### 範圍與策略 考試出題範圍是Note Summary,~~HomeWorks~~、以及每章後面的簡答題。 **不考數學推導**,跟老師確認過了,所以我們著重於觀念,~~用背的~~。 ### Note Summary #### 相速度(Phase Velocity) 電磁波的相速度$(V)$在介質中的關係為 : 真空中光速$c$除上$n=\sqrt{\epsilon}$ 即:$V=\frac{c}{\sqrt{\epsilon}}=\frac{c}{n}$,其中$c=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\mu_0\epsilon_0}}$。 *這個結果可以從Maxwell equations推導出來,不過我建議用背的。* #### 群速度(Group Velocity) 舉個波包的例子: $f(x,t)=cos(-2 x-1.2 t)+cos(-2.1 x-0.8 t)$這是兩個波合成在一起的情況 當它在時域移跑起來時像這樣: ![](https://i.imgur.com/OlewxKQ.gif) 想自己操作看看可以[點這裡](https://www.geogebra.org/calculator/yzyywmdk) 它已經不是單純的一束行進波了,它是一整**片**在往前移動。 仔細觀察可以發現它有兩個東西在跑,一個是裡面的小的波,另一個是外面整個股起來的部分,我們稱為**波包**。 緊接著:我們會想知道,這波包到底移動多快啊? 根據上面的觀察,可以知道這整包由兩個部分構成,裡面的小波、外面的大包。 >想知道波包移動多快只需要把外面的大包函數求出來再用項速度的結論就行了。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/GZFq5ec.gif) 具體操作如下: 對$f(x,t)$使用和差化積吧! 公式如下: $cos(A)+cos(B)=2cos(\frac{A+B}{2})cos(\frac{A-B}{2})$ $f(x,t)=cos(-2 x-1.2 t)+cos(-2.1 x-0.8 t)$ $A=-2 x-1.2 t,B=-2.1 x-0.8 t$,帶入公式: $=2cos(\frac{-4.1x-2t}{2})cos(\frac{0.1x-0.4t}{2})$ 顯然,後面那個$cos$的移動速度比較慢,就是它了。 後面那個$cos$的$\omega=0.2,k=0.05$,又相速度$V=f*\lambda,而k=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda},\omega=2\pi f$所以$V=\frac{\omega}{k}=\frac{0.2}{0.05}=4m/s$ 至此我們已經導出課本上給的公式![](https://i.imgur.com/jaXIKzn.png) 這就是我們說的**群速度**。 我們可以更進一步的把群速度$V_g=\frac{d\omega}{dk}$延伸: #### 干涉(Interference) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1Tg6snI3.png) 我們都知道電磁學是線性的。當然,光波在分析時也當它是線性的。 當兩束光$(O_1,O_2)$往共同點$(P)$傳送時,如果,兩者在P點上都剛好是峰值,那他們會疊加起來,使P點的場變得更大,稱為**建構性干涉**。 反之,若兩者相差$\pi$,會造成P點上的場變小,稱為**波壞性干涉**。 而干涉的場強(intensity,儀器能夠量測的東西)$I=I_1+I_2+2cos(\delta)\sqrt{I_1I_2}$,$\delta$是兩個光波的相位差,這個相位差能夠透過加長傳播的距離來改變,所以干涉儀都需要使用到**光程差**來量相位。(重點) #### 高斯光束(Gaussian beam) 一種數學模型,**它假設一束光的場強分布正好等於高斯分布(常態分布)**: ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJLpCsnIh.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BycMG2nUh.png) 關於推倒的話,**只需要對無源的亥姆霍茲方程式(波動方程)進行近軸近似解就能得到:** $E=E_0\frac{W_0}{W}exp(jtan^{-1}(\frac{z}{a}))*exp(-jk\frac{r^2}{2R}-\frac{r^2}{W^2}-jkz)$ ~~孩子,莫要恐懼。~~ 它的時域頻均強度為: $I(r,z)=0.5*|E|*|H|=\frac{|\Phi|^2}{240\pi}=\frac{1}{240\pi}(\frac{W_0}{W})^2exp(\frac{-2r^2}{W^2})$ 整理整理: $I=I_0 e^{\frac{-2r^2}{w^2}}$ 這個是常態分佈的函數形式。 **86%的能量會聚集在2個$w$的距離內。** 上面幾乎都是廢話,若你有興趣可以解給你看。 #### 高斯光束的重要參數 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1GeP3nLn.png) 雷利距離(Rayleigh length) $Z_0=\frac{\pi w_0^2}{\lambda}$ 代表它的工作距離(能量衰減至$e^{-1}$)的距離,與腰寬平方成正比,以及波長成反比。 發散角度:(感謝勘誤) $\theta\approx \frac{\lambda}{\pi W_0}$,發散角度與波長成正比,**以及腰寬成反比,代表你孔徑更小,視角會更廣,** 考試有考瞳孔的大小對視角的影響,就來自這裡。 #### 單狹縫繞射 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkrwrtpI2.png) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByxnBK6L2.png) 他們Intensity會變成一個$Sinc$函數,且**發散角度$\theta$都跟該狹縫的孔徑成反比**,與波長成正比,跟高斯光束推導出來的結論一樣。 #### 必考題 ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByQFIt6Uh.png) 頻譜儀上的反射鏡,會吃到兩條路徑的光$E(t)$與$\sqrt\epsilon E(t-a)$,會導致頻譜出現雜訊。 解決方法:把該反射鏡鍍上高反射膜,讓誤差的$\sqrt\epsilon E(t-a)$從根本上消失。 #### 色散(Chromatic Dispersion) *感謝勘誤,原先說明似乎沒有很明確* 光學上所說的色散是一種物理現象,主要在描述光波行徑時會"散開"的現象。 當光在**損耗性介質**中傳遞時,此時的折射率$n(lossy)=\sqrt{\epsilon'+\epsilon''}=\sqrt{\epsilon(1-j\frac{\sigma}{\omega\epsilon})}$,他是**頻率的函數**(仔細看裡面有$\omega=2\pi f$) 我們都知道,折射率不同會導致**在介質中的行進速度會不同:**$V=f*\lambda=f*\frac{c}{fn(\omega)}$ 既然在某介質中,光波的行進速度不同,而且與頻率相關。 若有一束光若包含了多種頻率成分,在介質中走著走著不就有人會掉隊嗎? 沒錯,這就叫**色散**。 *這種有很多頻率成分的光波才是真實世界中的光有的樣子,光譜不是離散的。* *補充說明:波數與波長關係為$\frac{2\pi}{\lambda}$,波長與光速的關係為$\lambda=\frac{c}{fn}$(若是真空中n=1)* 既然波長是頻率的函數,代表波數$(k)$也是頻率的函數了。 $k=\frac{2\pi}{\lambda(\omega)}=\frac{2\pi f}{c}n(\omega)=\frac{\omega}{c}n(\omega)$ 相速度$V_g=\frac{d\omega}{dk}$把它倒數後才會呈現出物理意義。 $\frac{1}{V_g}=\frac{dk}{d\omega}$(相速度分之一等於波數對頻率的變化率) 把上面的$k$帶入,得到: $\frac{1}{V_g}=\frac{d}{d\omega}(\frac{\omega}{c}n(\omega))$,鏈鎖率展開: $\frac{1}{V_g}=\frac{1}{c}(n(\omega)+\omega\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\omega})$ $\frac{1}{V_g}=\frac{1}{c}(n(\omega)+\omega\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\omega})$ 引入中繼變數(真空波長)$\lambda_0$來處理$\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\omega}=\frac{d\lambda_0}{d\omega}\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0}$ 而真空波長$\lambda_0$與光速的關係由$c=f*\lambda_0$得到:$\lambda_0=\frac{c}{f}$,上下同乘$2\pi$得: $\lambda_0=\frac{2\pi c}{\omega}$ 所以$\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\omega}=\frac{d}{d\omega}(\frac{2\pi c}{\omega})*\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0}=\frac{-2\pi c}{\omega^2}*\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0}$ 帶回去$\frac{1}{V_g}=\frac{1}{c}(n(\omega)+\omega\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\omega})=\frac{1}{c}(n(\omega)-\frac{2\pi c}{\omega}*\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0})=\frac{1}{c}(n(\omega)-\lambda_0\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0})$ 這樣就導出講義中的![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByyXdryv2.png) 這說明了**群速度與相折射率間的關係,是波長的一次微分。** 再來我們假設這光波有線寬$\Delta\lambda_0$(就是頻譜寬度),它在一個介質內移動L的距離,我們已經有速度$V_g$了,它移動所耗費的時間就是: $\tau=\frac{L}{V_g}$,我們想知道在這個$\Delta\lambda_0$的成分中,最快與最慢的時間差有多少,於是把$\tau$對$\lambda_0$微分後乘上線寬$\Delta\lambda_0$ (算出斜率m後乘上$(x-x_0)$就能知道$(y-y_0)$的意思。 $\Delta\tau=\frac{d\tau}{d\lambda_0}\Delta\lambda_0=\frac{L}{c}\Delta\lambda_0 \frac{d}{d\lambda_0}(n(\omega)-\lambda_0\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0})=\frac{L}{c}\Delta\lambda_0(0-(\frac{dn(\omega)}{d\lambda_0}+\lambda_0\frac{d^2n(\omega)}{d\lambda_0^2}))$ $=\frac{L}{c}\Delta\lambda_0(-\lambda_0\frac{d^2n(\omega)}{d\lambda_0^2})$,上下同乘$\lambda_0$得到: $\Delta\tau=\frac{L}{c\lambda_0}(-\lambda_0^2\frac{d^2n(\omega)}{d\lambda_0^2})\Delta\lambda_0$, 並把L距離改成z方向就得到課本上的式子了,取絕對值是因為時間沒有負的,但時間差的導數是負值。 $|\Delta\tau|\approx\frac{z}{\lambda_0c}|\lambda_0^2\frac{d^2n}{d\lambda^2_0}|\Delta \lambda_0$ 觀念:色散的時間延遲跟**折射率的二次微分、波長的平方、傳輸距離z、線寬**成正比。 #### 捲積(Convolution) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1pxcFTUh.png) 當一個光源發出的光,穿過一個物體後,在後方的螢幕成像。 這整個過程相當於在對發射出來的光$E$與該物體的函數以及距離做**捲積**。 #### 光學斷層掃描(OCT) 印象中這個會出在加分題吧?把圖畫出來就10分的樣子。 分三種: 第一種時域的(Time Domain OCT) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJmgiK682.png) 動作方式: 1. 光源產生光 2. 進入分光器 3. 兵分兩路 一路會打到反射鏡**(可調距離)**,回彈後做為基準 另一路會去照射待測物 4. 重新回到分光儀中被干涉 5. 光訊號採集 6. 解調製後判讀掃描得到的資訊 第二種頻域的(Spectral Domain OCT) ![](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1btsYp8n.png) 1. 產生寬頻的光源 2. 進入單模光纖 3. 透過分光器,兵分兩路 一邊去**固定的反射鏡**,回彈成為參考光源 另一邊去打待測物。 4. 兩路光進入干涉儀 5. 被光譜儀接收後傳輸資料給電腦判讀 ### 每章の問答題 #### 第一章 1. 相折射率與群折射率的差別? A:在波長範圍。 2. 正色散與負色散差異? A:正色散的波長與折射率成反比,負色散成正比。 3. 橫波與縱波都滿足波速公式? A:是,都是$V=f\lambda$ 4. 光學中的複數場都能使用exp函數來簡化計算嗎? A:不見得,如果考慮波的線性疊加時就不行,如干涉時。 5. 如何讓反射模的頻寬增加? A:你可以層數鍍多點 6. 干涉與繞射的區別? A: 沒差太多,不過繞射會跑出一堆的光束條紋(Beam),干涉只是一點上的。 7. 共振?干涉與繞射? A:他們三者都是光與光的疊加結果,不過共振是來回不斷的反彈疊加,干涉與繞射是直接出去,並沒有反彈。 #### 第二章 1. 凸透鏡(Convex Lens),跟凹透鏡(Concave Lens)差在哪? A:凸透鏡是曲率半徑是正的,凹透鏡是負的。 2. 什麼是Ray Matrix? A:拿來解一些簡單的光學元件時使用的數學工具,其描述了輸入光與輸出光,對光軸的距離以及斜率。 3. 幾何、波動、電磁光學三者差異在哪? A:幾何光學探討的是光穿過厚度遠大於波長的物體,波動光學是電磁光學的近似結果,而電磁光學才是真正描述光的本質的方法(極度複雜)。 4. 薄透鏡跟厚透鏡有何區別? A:焦距不同。 5. 雷射要諧振的條件是什麼?A:ABCD矩陣中的$|\frac{A+D}{2}|<1$,才振的起來。 6. 製造lenslike media的目的是什麼? A:因為它可以傳遞高斯光束,在數學上分析起來比較簡單。 7. 高斯光束的發散角度? A:$\theta\approx\frac{\lambda}{\pi w_o}$,跟波長成正比,與腰寬成反比。 #### 第三章 1. 為什麼叫傅立葉光學? A:因為光透過物體成像之關係為傅立葉轉換(或捲積) 2. 色散的關係? A:跟$\frac{dk}{d\omega}$的二次微分後展開能拿到Group Delay。 3. 頻率與波長是互為傅立葉轉換嗎? A:不是,頻率$\omega$與時間$t$,波長$\lambda$與波數$k$才是。 4. Convolution是什麼? A:評估一個訊號對另一個訊號的影響結果。 5. Correlation是什麼? A:評估一個訊號與另一個訊號的相似性,概念有點像內積。 6. 為何光都喜歡用波長來表示?A:因為頻率太高,動則上THz。根本量不到。 #### 第四章 1. 時域OCT與頻域OCT的差別在哪? A: 在時域的參考反射光會移動,頻域則不會。 2. SS(掃頻)-OCT與SD(頻域)-OCT的干涉差異在哪? A: 相干長度不同。(Coherence length) 3. SS-OCT與SD-OCT操作差異在哪? A: SS使用的光源會掃頻,接收資料是直接透過光感測器來收,SD的光源則是寬頻光,接收資料是使用頻譜分析儀。 4. 點擴散函數(Point Spread function )有啥用? A:描述解析度用的,因為光源打在物體上會散開,有這個函數就能知道會散多開。 5. 什麼會影響測量解析度? A: 光源波長$\lambda$以及數值孔鏡$(NA)$ 6. 什麼會影響SS-OCT的軸向解析度? A: 光源波長與光源支援的頻寬。 7. 長波長的OCT的優劣是什麼? A:優點,穿透度高。缺點,會變模糊。 ### 作業 *內容非常多。基本上都是計算 估計他不會從這邊出考題* ###### tags: `工程光學`

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