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    # 前言 在Git的合併分支功能中,我們可以選擇使用`git merge`或是`git rebase`進行合併,而`git merge`的部分又可分為`non-fast-forward merge`以及`fast-forward merge`。 這篇文章將針對Git不同的合併分支進行講解,以及差異性的比較。閱讀這篇文章前,應對於Git與分支已有基本的概念,如果有不清楚的可以先參考另外兩篇文章([Git概念以及常用指令](https://hackmd.io/@Lion-Le/SyY608E3C)、[Git Branch & Git Merge](https://hackmd.io/@Lion-Le/rJOHUpXTR)) </br> # Git的合併分支 當接收到新需求時,工程師會以master/main分支當作基底,為新功能另開feature分支進行開發。 ![feature1](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkQ4nB3aR.jpg) </br> ### git merge (Non-Fast-Forward) 當工程師開發完成時,我們會需要將分支合併回master/main branch,這時我們可以先使用`git checkout main`切換回master/main分支,再使用`git merge feature`指令,將已開發完成的程式合併回主要分支。 ![feature2](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkGvnBnp0.jpg) 最終會出現合併後的E版本。 </br> ### git merge --ff (Fast-Forward) 在<b><u>原分支(master/main)沒有新版本的前提下</u></b>,我們可以使用`git merge --ff`指令進行合併,將master/main分支整理的更單純。 同樣先使用`git checkout main`切換回master/main分支,再使用`git merge feature --ff`指令,將已開發完成的程式合併回主要分支。 ![feature3](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r19HyLhp0.jpg) 合併後的master/main分支會呈現線性的樣子,原本的feature分支會整個直接被合併回master/main分支,並且<b><u>Fast-forward不會出現合併後的E版本</u></b>,最新的提交仍為D版本。 > [!Note] > `git merge <branchName> --ff`指令在遇到無法執行Fast-Forward合併的狀況時,會自動改回以一般的方式合併。 > >如果想要強制Git只能執行fast-forward合併的話,可以使用`git merge <branchName> --ff-only`指令,當遇到無法合併的狀況時,會直接以`non-zero`的狀態退出。 > </br> 假設原分支(master/main)已有新版本的提交,就無法使用Fast-forward的方式合併分支。 ![feature4](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJWhfLha0.jpg) 只能使用一般的方式合併 ![feature5](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1G0QU2T0.jpg) </br> ### git rebase 針對原分支(master/main)已有新版本提交的狀況,我們也可以使用`git rebase`的方式進行合併,讓整個分支更簡潔。 同樣先使用`git checkout main`切換回master/main分支,再使用`git rebase feature`指令進行合併分支。 ![feature6](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkAfK8nTC.jpg) 會以當前分支(master/main)的F版本為基底,將feature分支的C、D版本合併回當前分支(master/main)。 `git rebase`的合併,可以想像成將當前分支(master/main)的提交紀錄作為上游,將被rebase分支(feature)的提交紀錄剪下作為下游,最終將兩者合併為線性的樣子。 以結果來看,會比較像是直接修改歷史提交紀錄。 </br> #### git rebase的原理 `git rebase`背後所執行的操作,其實與直觀上看的剪下、貼上有些許差異。 ![feature7](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJdAHP3aR.jpg) `git rebase`實際上是將feature分支C、D版本的異動內容『複製』到原分支(master/main),並根據版本重新建立對應的提交紀錄(master/main分支的C、D版本)。 在GC回收前,仍可以`<commit-hash>`查看feature分支C、D版本的內容。 </br> # 總結 無論是`git merge`或是`git rebase`,都能做到合併分支的效果,主要差異在合併後,分支所呈現的樣子,以及是以何者作為基底執行合併。 執行合併指令前,建議要清楚知道預期的執行結果。 `git merge`與`git rebase`兩者雖然都能做到復原操作,但如果在復原的過程中也操作錯誤,整個復原就會變得更複雜。 另外,若是團隊共同開發,已推送上Remote Repository的,也建議不要再做`git rebase`。 </br> # 參考資料 https://git-scm.com/book/en/v2/Git-Branching-Rebasing https://git-scm.com/docs/git-merge https://june.monster/git-merge-rebase/ </br> >[!Tip] 文章內容皆為個人整理的觀點,以及整理後的個人想法,如內容有錯誤或疑慮的部分,歡迎提出討論,收到後會盡快修正!

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