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    # 化學比色法測定平衡常數實驗報告 > 組員: 李育林、徐鉦泰、鍾子堯 指導老師:陳定惠 ## 一、實驗動機及目標 藉由比色法求定溫下$Fe^{3+}$$_(aq)$ $+$ $SCN^-$$_(aq)$ $→$ $FeSCN^{2+}$$_(aq)$的平衡常數,並驗證在相同溫度下同一個反應的平衡常數必為相近值。 ## 二、實驗原理 本實驗以定量的硫氰根離子和過量的鐵離子混合配置標準液,再利用比色法來測定硫氰酸鐵(III)離子的平衡濃度,進而求得鐵離子與硫氰根離子反應的平衡常數。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/LpwqW2L.png) ## 三、實驗材料 | 器材/藥物 | 數量 | 器材/藥物 | 數量 | | -------------- | ---- | ------------------ | ---- | | 比色管 | $5$個 | 標籤紙 | 數個 | | 試管架 | $1$個 | $15cm$尺 | $1$個 | | $25ml$容量瓶 | $4$個 | 滴管 | $2$個 | | $50ml$燒杯 | $4$個 | 比色法燈具 | $1$組 | | $100ml$燒杯 | $1$個 | 黑色紙 | $2$張 | | 安全吸球 | $2$個 | $0.002M$硫氰化鉀溶液 | $25ml$ | | $10ml$分度吸量管 | $2$個 | $0.2M$酸化硝酸鐵溶液 | $20ml$ | ## 四、實驗步驟 1. 先將$5$根試管標記$1~5$之後再分別裝入等量$5ml$的$0.002M$硫氰酸鉀,並在第$1$根試管加入配置的標準液:$0.2M$的$Fe(NO_3)_3$ $10ml +15ml$的蒸餾水。 2. 之後的$4$根試管分別加入配製好的$0.2M$$Fe(NO_3)3$ $8ml$、$6ml$、$4ml$、$2ml$且利用$25ml$容量瓶配置$25ml$的溶液。 3. 可得$5$根濃度不同、顏色深淺不同的溶液,再利用燈箱實施肉眼比色法之測量。 4. 測量過程一律用滴管吸取第$1$管標準液之試管做顏色比較,一旦認為相比較之兩試管顏色相同時即停止吸取標準管之標準液並測量標準管的溶液高度。 ## 五、實驗數據紀錄 **各式管原高度($mm$)** | $1$號試管 | $2$號試管 | $3$號試管 | $4$號試管 | $5$號試管 | | -------- | -------- | --- | --- | -------- | | $100$ | $100$ | $100$ | $100$ | $100$ | **各式管和$1$號試管比色後高度($mm$)** | $2$號試管 | $3$號試管 | $4$號試管 | $5$號試管 | | --------- | --------- | --- | --------- | | $91.4$ | $82.3$ | $70.5$ | $43.3$ | **根據朗伯-比爾定律可得出下列方程式** $\begin{align}C_1\lambda_1=C_2 \Rightarrow \frac{C_1}{C_2}=\frac{\lambda_2}{\lambda_1} \Rightarrow x=C_2=\frac{C_1\lambda_1}{\lambda_2}\end{align}$ **透過此方程式可以計算出平衡時$FeSCN^{2+}$之濃度,並計算出平衡常數** ![](https://i.imgur.com/876cE5f.png) **(所有單位除平衡常數皆為體積莫耳濃度M)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/Qq7t52R.jpg) ## 六、實驗討論 1. Q:在步驟五開始進行比色時,若發現$2$號比色管俯視的顏色比1號比色管深,此時應如何處理? A:按照正常實驗設計流程,不應該出現這種結果。應檢查是否在配置過程有出錯或是標示是否正 確。 2. Q:在步驟五,若在調整溶液高度的過程中,$2$號比色管的色度深於$1$號比色管,應如何處理? A:將原本從$1$號比色管吸出的溶液滴回$1$號比色管,直到顏色相同。 3. Q:根據實驗結果,$2~5$號比色管所求出的平衡常數是否相同?理論上的$K_c$值與實際測得的$K_c$值有什麼不同? 並請試討論、分析本實驗有可能發生誤差的來源有哪些? A:$2~5$號比色管求出的平衡常數值有些許差異。實際測得的$K_c$值結果均大於理論值。而以肉眼觀察比色不易,會造成較大的誤差。 4. Q:若本實驗在不同溫度下進行,所求的平衡常數值是否會相同?原因為何? A:不會相同,因為平衡常數值會隨溫度改變。 5. Q:本實驗所使用的比色管的口徑大小若不同時,對實驗結果有何影響?原因為何? A:比色法中,濃度害高度成反比,利用的是比爾定律$A=εbC$($A:$吸光度 $b:$光徑長 $C:$溶液濃度 $ε$$:$該物質之吸光係數),即溶液的濃度和光的穿透度呈反比。透過光線經過不同高度且不同濃度的 同種液體(穿透度相同),可利用高度與濃度的反比關係。估算出兩溶液間濃度的比值。故比色管口徑大小不同時,還是可以求出用同方法求出兩溶液濃度關係。 ## 七、實驗心得及感想 透過本實驗除了了解平衡常數測定的方法外,也了解到比色法透過肉眼判斷其實並不精確,透過上網搜尋資料可以查到可以使用分光光度計來進行測量來達到更小的誤差。這次也在復旦生涯為數不多的實驗課中了解眾多實驗器材的使用方法,也是我第一次不是從考卷上看到容量瓶而是真的看到容量瓶,更原來容量瓶有小至$25ml$大至$1L$的,總的來說,收穫滿滿。 ## 八、參考文獻 - Lambert-Beer's Law - 朗伯-比爾定律 - 國家教育研究院雙語詞彙 https://terms.naer.edu.tw/detail/1318284/ - Youtube影片 - 龍騰普高化學 -平衡常數的測定【實驗步驟、廢棄物處理】 https://youtu.be/s_wU0gE3icA - PDF - http://libir.tmu.edu.tw/bitstream/987654321/55860/2/%E4%BD%9C69%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%B3%BBb101099101-%E6%99%AE%E9%80%9A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97-%E5%90%B3%E7%91%9E%E8%A3%95-Chemical%20Equilibrium%20(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1).pdf - 實驗活動手冊

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