陳弘欣
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    # Design Pattern 介紹 ## 什麼是設計模式 (Design Pattern) ? > "Each pattern describes a problem which occurs over and over again in our environment, and then describes the core of the solution to that problem, in such a way that you can use this solution a million times over, without ever doing it the same way twice" [AIS+77]. > > 引自 **Design Patterns, Elements of Reusable Object Oriented Software** *(設計模式的聖經)* Design Pattern 是程式設計師對於撰寫程式時經常出現的情形或問題,根據經驗總結出的解決方案。這些解決方案經過長久的測試與錯誤修正,最終廣為大眾所接受。 一個 Design Pattern 具有以下的要素: - **Pattern name**,用來描述問題及其解決方案,使得可以透過這個名稱幫助理解這個 Design Pattern ,並且讓溝通更便利。 - **Problem**,描述問題主體,以及適用這個 Design Pattern 的情況。 - **Solution**,描述構成這個 Design 的元素,以及它們之間的關係、各自的責任和合作的方式。Solution 並不會把實作的細節說的很詳細,因為它的角色是作為一個設計的抽象概念,可以被適用到不同地方。 - **Consequences**,描述使用這個 Design Pattern 的結果和取捨 (trade-off)。雖然描述 Design Pattern 的時候經常會忽略 Consequences 不談,但它是用來評估一個 Pattern 優劣的一個指標。這些 trade-off 可能是空間與時間,彈性、擴充性與可移植性,實作 (implementation) 或程式語言本身特性的限制與問題。 ## Factory Method 模式 ### Intent 定義建立物件 (object) 的介面 (interface),但讓子類別決定要實體化 (instantiate) 哪個類別 (class)。 其實就是 **Virtual Constructor** 的概念。 ### Applicability 當以下情況出現的時候,使用 Factory Method: - 一個 class 無法預期它要建立哪個類別 - 一個 class 希望他的 subclass 決定產生哪個類別 - classes delegate responsibility to one of several helper subclasses, and you want to localize the knowledge of which helper subclass is the delegate. (不知道怎麼翻譯,直接貼原文。出處一樣是**聖經**) ### Structure ![](https://i.imgur.com/HoRvqUJ.jpg) ### Participants - `Product` - 定義 Factory Method 產生的 object 的 interface - `ConcreteProduct` - implement `Product` 這個 interface - `Creator` - 宣告回傳 `Product` object 的 Factory Method。可以在 `Creator` 定義預設的建構函數,回傳預設的 `ConcreteProduct` object。 - 可以呼叫 Factory Method 來建立一個 `Product` object。 - `ConcreteCreator` - 重載 (override) Factory Method 以回傳一個 `ConcreteProduct` object。 ### Collaborations `Creator` 依賴於它的 subclass 所定義的 Factory Method,回傳一個適當的 `ConcreteProduct` 實體。 ### Consequences Factory Method 可以避免在程式裡加入 application-specific 的 code,只要 class 實作 `Product` 介面即可,因此可以和任何 `ConcreteProduct` 相容。 ## Factory Method 模式

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