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    --- tags: python --- # DAY 23 Django新增主題 昨天我們已經將Topic註冊到管理網站了,我們今天就來新增一個主題~ 首先先進入我們的網頁到看到Topic然後按旁邊的Add ![](https://i.imgur.com/4oodqIl.png) 進去會看到text可以給我們輸入要新增主題的名稱,在這裡我是輸入MIIA(醫學資訊),輸入完後按save我們就可以開始寫程式了 ## 定義Entry模型 這裡是要定義一個Entry模型可以記錄我們新增主題後在裡面打的內容 首先先打開models.py檔,然後輸入下面的程式碼 ```python= from django.db import models class Topic(models.Model): --省略-- # 以下為新增區塊 class Entry(models.Model): topic = models.ForeignKey(Topic,on_delete=models.CASCADE) text = models.TextField() date_added = models.DateTimeField(auto_now_add=True) class Meta: verbose_name_plural = 'entries' def __str__(self): return self.text ``` 上面程式碼第七行是在說第一個topic是個ForeignKey實例,foreignkey是資料庫的術語,它參照了資料庫中的另一筆紀錄,每個主題在建立時,都會為它分配一個鍵,我們會依照關聯的鍵來取得主題的相關紀錄 上面程式碼第十一行是把Meta類別嵌入到Entry類別中,在這裡它允許我們設定一個特殊屬性來告訴Django在需要引用多個條目時使用Entries ## 遷移Entry模型 因為我們新增了一個模型,所以需要再次遷移資料庫,這上次我們也有做過了,它的流程大概是 1. 修改```models.py``` 2. 執行```python manage.py makemigrations learning_logs``` 3. 再執行```python manage.py migrate``` 如下圖,我們成功create Entry模型 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QapbPql.png) ## 以管理網站登入註冊Entry 我們需要登入註冊Enrty模型就必須開啟admin.py然後須入下列程式碼 ```python= from django.contrib import admin # Register your models here. from learning_logs.models import Topic,Entry # 新增區塊 admin.site.register(Topic) admin.site.register(Entry) # 新增區塊 ``` * 輸入完程式碼後我們就可以再次開啟我們的網頁,我們會看到多了一個Entries,然後要新增內容的話我們可以點Entries或是點它旁邊的Add鍵 ![](https://i.imgur.com/3AdqCCq.png) * 點進去後會是這個畫面,我們再點右上角的ADD ENTRY ![](https://i.imgur.com/qH4uvZA.png) * 點進去ADD ENTRY後會看到下面這個畫面,然後有一個下拉式選單點開後會看到我們一開始新增的MIIA項,我們可以選取MIIA後在下面的text區塊新增內容,新增完後再按SAVE就可以了 ![](https://i.imgur.com/oNFv1iS.png) ## Django shell 輸入完資料後我們可利用互動式的終端對話模式,以編寫程式的方式來查看這些資料,如下圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/zPPtXkX.png) ==黃色指令==是從**虛擬環境切換到Django shell模式**,如果要跳開shell模式回到虛擬環境,在Windows系統是要**按下Ctrl+z再按下Enter鍵** ==綠色的部分==在一開始我們匯入了**earning_logs.models中的Topic模型**,然後用**Topic.objects.all()方法來取得Topic模組中的所有實例**,再來我們可以用**物件ID來查看它的屬性值,因為這裡我們只有新增一個MIIA,所以ID值是1**,可以用它來看我們在Topic定義的text屬性,當然也可以看它的date_added屬性,只要輸入t.date_added就可以囉! #### 今天結束,各位明天見 :hand: *** 資料來源:<<python程式設計的樂趣>>-Eric Matthes著/H&C譯

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