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    # 義面的乳化與糊化 ## 懶人包 濃稠感就是需要 不論是果膠 明膠 澱粉的糊化 蛋白質(酪蛋白等) 黃原膠 等等 總之就是需要增稠劑(介面活性劑) 來形成某種網絡 來包裹油脂、水分、空氣(不一定) 跟洗碗精搓泡泡一樣 介面活性劑(肥皂) 油、水 大幅度攪拌形成網絡 包覆空氣 最終從半透明變成白色的絲滑泡泡 在煮義大利麵時 主要是兩種增稠劑: 1. 麵條流出的澱粉水 或是各種外部澱粉來源 其中的澱粉糊化 顆粒吸水加熱膨脹 形成包裹的結構(溫度太高>90~100長時間會破壞其結構, 溫度太低<50~60沒半法讓它形成糊化反應) 2. 奶製品(牛奶 奶油 起司) 最主要是內部的酪蛋白等物質 在60~80度之間收縮摺疊 形成網絡包裹水分跟油脂 但是溫度太高>80~90 蛋白質過度收縮甚至被破壞 會喪失網絡的結構 讓水跟油被分擠出來 也就是所謂的分離 概念整理: - 糊化: 針對的是澱粉多醣類 澱粉顆粒膨脹的過程包覆物質 - 乳化: 主要針對的是蛋白質 收縮過程 其親水親油端與物理結構包覆物質 總之: 義大利麵的醬汁 主要就是糊化與乳化一起作用形成 但通常糊化的作用大一些就是了 ## 補充內容 ### 關於糊化: 以下兩個引用都可以觀察到 澱粉溶解在水中後 在不同溫度下 澱粉顆粒的狀態(大約80度 膨脹後 開始包裹油與水 就逐漸糊化成醬汁): 參考資料 [^1] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJJWA0dlel.png) :::spoiler 圖二 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ1zACdell.png) ::: :::info :::spoiler 顯微鏡下的澱粉糊化過程 參考自 [^2] ::: 以上是前面提及溫度區間的由來。 糊化 就是這部09:28時示範的黑醋醬 {%youtube ErzwSzehbpM %} <!-- :::info :::spoiler 詳細影響澱粉糊化的因素: 1. 澱粉本身的特性 種類:不同澱粉(如玉米、馬鈴薯、米澱粉)具有不同糊化溫度與特性。直鏈澱粉(amylose)含量高者不易糊化,支鏈澱粉(amylopectin)含量高者較易糊化。 (像是家中常見的太白粉,就是支鏈澱粉較高的,糊化程度較高,所以常常作為勾芡) 顆粒大小:小顆粒澱粉因表面積較大,吸水更快,糊化速度較快。 結構改性:預糊化或化學改性澱粉(如交聯澱粉)具有不同的糊化特性。 2. 水分條件 水分活度:水分活度越高,澱粉吸水越充分,糊化程度越高。水分不足會限制糊化。 水分競爭:食品中其他吸水成分(如蛋白質、纖維)可能競爭水分,抑制糊化。 3. 食品成分 糖:高濃度糖與水分子結合,減少水分可用性,抑制糊化並提高糊化溫度。 鹽:高濃度鹽抑制糊化,降低水分可用性。 低濃度鹽對大部分澱粉糊化影響小,但對馬鈴薯澱粉例外,因其磷酸基團的電荷效應會受影響。 脂類:脂類與直鏈澱粉形成包合物,阻止水分滲透,延遲糊化並降低糊化黏度。 蛋白質:競爭水分或與澱粉相互作用,抑制或改變糊化特性。 其他添加劑:乳化劑、親水性膠體等可能影響水分分佈或澱粉結構,進而影響糊化。 4. 環境條件 溫度:糊化需達到特定溫度範圍,過低或過高均影響糊化效果。 加熱速率與時間:快速加熱可能導致不均勻糊化,延長加熱促進完全糊化。 酸度(pH): pH < 4.0:澱粉水解為糊精,黏度降低。 pH 4-7:酸度影響不明顯。 pH > 7(鹼性):促進糊化,黏度穩定,pH=10時膨脹加快(但非食品常見範圍)。 壓力:高壓降低糊化溫度,促進糊化。 5. 加工條件 剪切力:機械攪拌加速糊化,但過度剪切降低黏度(顆粒被破壞)。 酶作用:澱粉酶分解澱粉,降低糊化程度。 冷凍/乾燥:改變澱粉結構,影響後續糊化行為。 ::: --> 往後延伸的topic還有 老化、回凝、結晶、小麥蛋白質 相關議題可能是炸物 麵包 麵團 等等製品相關 與義麵醬料較無關係 ### 關於乳化: 油水互溶的乳濁液依油水比例可分為水包油型(Oil-in-Water )和油包水型(Water-in-Oil),牛奶屬於前者,奶油則屬於後者。這是因為牛奶中的水分含量比脂肪多,因此屬於水包油型 O/W。 水包油型微胞相對而言是比較不穩定的結構,油具有慢慢聚集的趨勢,攪拌就能加速這個過程。因此若將全脂牛奶經過長時間攪拌後,可將水包油型改變成油包水型,從而達成油水分離。 以義麵醬汁來說 主要是水包油/油包水 常見的乳化液類型包括油包水(W/O)和水包油(O/W),以及更複雜的雙重乳化液(如W/O/W) 參考資料 [^3] ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bk6fr1Yelg.png) 下圖提到的介面活性劑 在義麵醬料指的就是奶類相關的蛋白質 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1PPc1Ygxe.png) 糊化基本上只要攪拌 讓澱粉顆粒均勻分佈就行 但是乳化的話 需要更大一點的動作 來讓油脂與水分均勻地擴散並結合 並控制適當的溫度 避免蛋白質過度凝聚導致結塊 詳細參考: {%youtube CYXDGl3L_rw %} 用同樣的奶油 一個能做出絲滑的醬汁 一個確是油渣 大致就是乳化過程的溫度控制 還有攪拌 - 06:35 成功: 在奶類蛋白質收縮的過程拌入空氣 同時維持適當的溫度讓其慢慢收縮 - 03:16 失敗: 沒有適當攪拌與控溫 自然沒有包覆任何東西 讓蛋白質單純隨著溫度收縮 就把其他水分擠出來了 <!-- 參考 --> [^1]: [Isolation,Physicochemical Characterization and Application of Yam (Dioscorea spp.) Starch as Thickening and Gelling Agent](https://doi.org/10.1002/star.200400327) [^2]: [Starch Gelatinization Under the Microscope](https://sfmicrosociety.org/features/starch-gelatinization-under-the-microscope) [^3]: [Factor affecting the properties of water-in-oil-in-water emulsions for encapsulation of minerals and vitamins](https://www.thaiscience.info/journals/Article/SONG/10968357.pdf)

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