ASCII-art language

# ASCII-art language ## Up next ## Will possibly be implemented - [ ] `GetMooreWithStartCell` (character `???`) - [ ] `GetVonNeumannWithStartCell` (character `???`) ## Done - [ ] `GetCell([x, y])` (character `???`) - [ ] `GetCells(direction[, length])` (character `???`) - [ ] `GetAllCells()` (character `???`) - [ ] `GetMoore` (character `???`) - [ ] `GetVonNeumann` (character `???`) Character quota: 191/256 95 ASCII printables plus newline, 10 superscript digits, 24 Greek letters, 8 directional arrows (137 in total), and:  1. Multidirectional print (no move) `Ｐ` 2. Rectangle `ＵＲ` 3. Box `Ｂ` 3. Polygon `Ｇ` 4. Fill `¤` 5. Move `Ｍ` 6. Pivot left `↶` 7. Pivot right `↷` 8. Jump `Ｊ` 9. InputString `Ｓ` 10. InputNum `Ｎ` 11. Spawn 12. Kill 13. Reflect `‖` 14. Rotate `⟲` 15. Copy `Ｃ` 16. For `Ｆ` 17. While `Ｗ` 18. If `¿` 19. [block start] `«` 20. [block end] `»` 21. Assignment `Ａ` 22. Addition `⁺` 23. Subtraction `⁻` 24. Multiplication `×` 25. Division (integer) `÷` 26. Modulo `﹪` 27. Equals `⁼` 28. Less than `‹` 29. Greater than `›` 30. Logical and `∧` 31. Logical or `∨` 32. Logical not `¬` 33. [escape char: treat next character as part of a literal string, not code] `´` 34. [expression separator--needed for when two numeric or string literals would otherwise run into each other] `¦` 35. String (or list) length `Ｌ` 36. String (or list) indexing 37. String (or list) slicing 38. Int->string, string->int `Ｉ` 39. List start `⟦` 40. List end `⟧` 41. Define function or macro (details TBD) 42. [extended operation prefix] `Ｕ` 43. Eval `Ｖ` 44. Dump to stdout `Ｄ` 45. Refresh & pause 46. Cycle/chop `…` Other possible character assignments (not all of these will probably fit, so they will have to be prioritized): - Unary negation (Done) - Increment - Decrement - Exponentiation (Done) - Bitwise operators - Absolute value - String reverse - Count occurrences of substring (Done) - Find index/indices of substring (Done) - Uppercase/lowercase (Done) ## Literals - Integers - Strings - Lists - Dictionaries - Regex? ## Data Types - Numeric (just integers, for now) - String - List - Dictionary? - Function/macro/code block? - Regex? ## Functions and Statements ### Output and Movement - [x] `Print([direction, ]string)` - [x] `Print([direction, ]length)` - [x] `Rectangle(height, width)` - [x] `Box(height, width, character)` - [x] `Polygon(direction, length{, direction, length}, char)` - [x] `Polygon({direction, }length, char)` - [x] `Move([length, ]direction)` - [x] `PivotLeft([turns])` - [x] `PivotRight([turns])` - [x] `Jump(x, y)` **Note:** All `Print` overloads also apply to the `MultiPrint` command, which takes 1 or more direction arguments and does not move the cursor to the end of the output. Multiprint also accepts the ASCII characters `+x*` as directions, indicating "all horizontal & vertical directions," "all diagonal directions," and "all 8 directions" respectively. ### Cursor Management  - [ ] `Spawn()` - [ ] `Kill()` ### Input - [ ] `ReadAll()` - [x] `ReadString` (acts as `ReadLine` in prompt mode) - [x] `ReadNumber()` - [ ] `ReadChars([length])` (defaults to 1) - [ ] `ReadFromCanvas([x, y][,flags])` - [ ] `ReadFromCanvas(direction[, length])` - [ ] `GetAllCells()` ### High-Level Canvas Operations *(We need to define exactly what `Rotate` does with copying, and what the most recent selection is.)* - [x] `Reflect(direction)` - [x] `Rotate(number)` - [x] `ReflectCopy(direction)` - [ ] `RotateCopy(number)` - [x] `ReflectOverlap(direction)` - [ ] `RotateOverlap(number)` - [x] `Copy(delta_x, delta_y)` ## Control Flow - [x] `For <iterable> <body>` - [ ] `For <body>` (This implicitly iterates over the next input) - [x] `While <condition> <body>` - [ ] `If <cond> <if_true> <if_false>` Blocks can be surrounded by `«` and `»`, mandatory if the block consists of multiple statements, any needed `»` are autocompleted at the end of the program. ## List functions *(Do we need all of these?)* - [ ] `Map(body)` - [ ] `Some(body)` - [ ] `Every(body)` ## Overloads - `Print` - [ ] Endpoints only - `Multiprint` - [ ] Fill - [ ] Rhombus - [ ] Endpoints only - `Copy`, `Reflect`, `Rotate` - [x] Most recently printed only - `Reflect`, `Rotate` - [ ] Flip characters - [x] Copy - [x] Copy with overlap - `Polygon` - [ ] Do not fill - `Jump`, `Copy`, `ReadFromCanvas` - [ ] Absolute coordinates (default is relative) - `ReadFromCanvas` - [ ] Von Neumann neighborhood - [ ] Moore neighborhood (both return list) ## Questions - [ ] Should anchor point or no anchor point be default for `Rotate` and its variations? - [ ] What does `For` do with a negative argument (say, -3)? - Loop over 0, -1, -2 - [ ] We should add it [here](http://meta.codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/6918/what-programming-languages-have-been-created-by-ppcg-users) sometime - [ ] What should happen when RotateCopy is passed an odd number of rotations (currently errors)? - If there isn't an obvious thing it should do, we can leave it as an error for the time being - [ ] Should we have a 2-character builtin for image input? - Very low priority, I was thinking this would be included mostly for fun, plus kinda relevant - [ ] Do we need things like `Crop`? Otherwise, should we give it a long command character instead? - I think it will be useful. We can give it a 2-char command, and if we end up using it a lot we can promote it to a 1-char command. - Any similar commands you think are useful? - [ ] Should we have a builtin for the Bresenham algorithm? - Eventually, not a priority. ## Paradigm Imperative, with prefix operators. ## Codepage Characters include: - Printable ASCII characters `` !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~ `` and space - Newline/`¶` (same character code) - Superscript numerals `⁰¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷⁸⁹`  - Full-width capital letters `ＡＢＣＤＥＦＧＨＩＪＫＬＭＮＯＰＱＲＳＴＵＶＷＸＹＺ` (and possibly lowercase `ａｂｃｄｅｆｇｈｉｊｋｌｍｎｏｐｑｒｓｔｕｖｗｘｙｚ`) - Greek lowercase letters `αβγδεζηθικλμνξπρσςτυφχψω`  - Arrows `←↑→↓↖↗↘↙↶↷⟲` - Brackets `⟦⟧⦃⦄«»` - Arithmetic operators `⁺⁻×÷﹪` - Comparison operators `⁼‹›` (and maybe `≠≤≥`) - Logic operators `∧∨¬` - Other `¿…‽‖´·¤¦` <sub>(95 + 1 + 10 + 26 + 24 + 11 + 6 + 5 + 3 + 3 + 8 = 192/256)</sub> ## Syntax ### Tokens - Any run of printable ASCII and/or `´`-escaped characters: literal string - Any run of (superscript) digits: literal integer - Any lowercase Greek letter: variable - Any single other character: command, operator, or separator - There may be one or more characters designated as combining marks, which make for some two-character commands/operators ### Grammar In slightly modified [BNF](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backus%E2%80%93Naur_Form): Program ::= Command Program | "" Command ::= Print | MultiPrint | Polygon | Move | Pivot | Jump | Reflect | Copy | For | While | If | Assign | Fill | SetBackgrd | Rotate | Rectangle | Dump | Refresh | ... Print ::= Arrow Expr | Expr MultiPrint ::= "Ｐ" MultiDirec Expr MultiDirec ::= "+" Arrows | "x" Arrows | "*" Arrows | Arrow Arrows Arrows ::= Arrow Arrows | "" Arrow ::= "←" | "↑" | "→" | "↓" | "↖" | "↗" | "↘" | "↙" Polygon ::= "Ｇ" Side Sides Expr | "Ｇ" Arrows Expr Expr Sides ::= Side Sides | "" Side ::= Arrow Expr Move ::= "Ｍ" Expr Arrow | "Ｍ" Arrow Pivot ::= "↶" Expr | "↶" | "↷" Expr | "↷" Reflect ::= "‖" Arrow Rotate ::= "⟲" Expr Jump ::= "Ｊ" Expr Expr Copy ::= "Ｃ" Expr Expr For ::= "Ｆ" Expr Body While ::= "Ｗ" Expr Body If ::= "¿" Expr Body Body Body ::= "«" Program "»" | Command Assign ::= "Ａ" <name> Expr Fill ::= "¤" Expr SetBackgrd ::= "ＵＢ" Expr Rectangle ::= "Ｒ" Expr Expr Expr Dump ::= "Ｄ" Refresh ::= <...> Expr ::= Niladic | Monadic Expr | Dyadic Expr Expr | <name> | Input | Value Sep Niladic ::= "Ｎ" | "Ｓ" | "‽" | ... Monadic ::= "⁻" | "Ｌ" | "¬" | "Ｉ" | "‽" | "Ｖ" | ... Dyadic ::= "⁺" | "⁻" | "×" | "÷" | "﹪" | "⁼" | "‹" | "›" | "∧" | "∨" | "…" Input ::= "Ｎ" <name> | "Ｓ" <name> Value ::= <strliteral> | <intliteral> | List Sep ::= "¦" | "" List ::= "⟦" Exprs "⟧" Exprs ::= Expr Exprs | "" ## Example PPCG challenges *Selection criteria: require a diversity of techniques, relatively simple, popular* *Note: Our language will not necessarily match the current best score on all of these, but it should for some, and it should be competitive for all of them.* - [Do you want to code a snowman?](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/49671/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 125 - Techniques: string/char input, literal strings, conditionals - [It's my birthday](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/57277/16766) - Best existing score: Pyth, 67 - Techniques: numeric input, pattern repetition, lines of same character, conditionals - Best solution, 69 (3% longer, can be shorter if for with negative argument does nothing): `ＮβＡ-~-¶θ¿‹β⁰Ｆ³θ¿β«θＦβ⁺-~-|$¶θ»↓Congratulations on your new baby! :D⟲⁶` - [Seven-slash display](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/51445/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 62 - Techniques: string/char input, conditionals, non-obvious cursor management - [Christmas tree of height N](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/4244/16766) - Best existing score: J, 24 - Techniques: numeric input, math, polygon - Best solution, 9 (54% shorter): `Ｇ↗↘←Ｎ*Ｍ↓*` - **Submitted to PPCG** - [Turtles all the way down](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/87614/16766) - Best existing score: 05AB1E, 45 - Techniques: numeric input, looping, lines of same character, math (for alternating which side the head goes on) - [Telescopic parentheses](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/49042/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 15 - Techniques: string input, loops, non-obvious cursor management - Best solution, 14 (6% shorter): `ＦＳ¿⁼ι(«(↓»«Ｍ↑)` - [Bake a slice of pi](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/93615/16766) - Best existing score: MATL, 67 - Note: I doubt any language can touch this without a builtin to calculate pi - Shortest solution that hardcodes the number: ///, 127 - Techniques: literal strings, lines of same character, pattern repetition - Best solution, 71 (6% longer): `×⁶()↙↓¹⁰↖↖¹⁰↓↓²↘⁸Ｍ↑__↖←¤:↗¤3.141592653589793238462643383279502884197169` - **Submitted to PPCG** - [Another brick in the wall](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/90022/16766) - Best existing score: Pyth, 27 - Techniques: numeric input, lines of same character (or rectangle), pattern repetition, trimming? - [Abelian sandpile](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/92251/16766) - Best existing score: MATL, 43 <sub>*(42 for graphical output)*</sub> - Techniques: numeric input, read canvas cells, math, non-obvious cursor management, recursion?? - [Quack the angry duck](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/74212/16766) - Best existing score: Cinnamon Gum, 76 - Techniques: numeric input, literal strings, conditionals, pattern repetition, um... - [Golf your language's identicon](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/49566/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 71 - Techniques: polygon (or loops + lines of same character), reflection, rotation  - [Generate wordenticons](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/80736/16766) - Best existing score: MATL, 15 - Techniques: string input, loops, string comparison, reflection - [Enlarge ASCII art](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/19450/16766) - Best existing score: APL, 7 - Techniques: numeric input, ASCII-art input? or string input + lists, polygon/rectangle - [ASCII double helix](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/49962/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 50 - Techniques: numeric input, pattern repetition, rotation? (would need flag to transliterate characters appropriately) - Best solution, 71 (badly golfed, need to rewrite because RotateTransform finally exists): `Ｎβ¿›β⁰«↶² O¶\ /¶/ \¶Ｆ⁻β¹« /¶\ /¶/ \¶» O»« O¶/ \¶\ /¶Ｆ⁻¹β« \¶/ \¶\ /¶» O` - [Shifty eyes shifting I's](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/74719/16766) - Best existing score: CJam, 33 - Techniques: string input, conditionals, read canvas cells, non-obvious cursor management (keep two cursors? `Find` operation?) - [Yarr! A map to the hidden treasure](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/q/54301/16766) - Best existing score: Ruby, 178 - Techniques: string input interleaved with numeric input, conditionals, lines of same character - [Draw an Empty Scrabble Board](http://codegolf.stackexchange.com/questions/92055/draw-an-empty-scrabble-board) - Best existing score: MATL, 52 - Techniques: Reflection with copy, printing in a certain direction - Best solution, 34 (36% shorter): `T↑↑↘tdd↗→→↖XdtDDDD↓T..d‖Ｏ⟦↗→↓⟧ＵＢ.` - **Submitted to PPCG**

Syntax	Example	Reference
# Header	Header	基本排版
- Unordered List	Unordered List
1. Ordered List	Ordered List
- [ ] Todo List	Todo List
> Blockquote	Blockquote
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19^th^	19^th
H~2~O	H₂O
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[link text](https:// "title")	Link
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`Code`	`Code`	在筆記中貼入程式碼
```javascript var i = 0; ```	`var i = 0;`
:smile:		Emoji list
{%youtube youtube_id %}	Externals
$L^aT_eX$	L^aT_eX
:::info This is a alert area. :::	This is a alert area.