李熙堃 LEE SHE KUN P76111597
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    # 2023q1 Homework1 (quiz1) ###### tags: `2023-linux_kernel` contributed by < `JoshuaLee0321` > ## 第一週測驗題 ### 測驗一 [2023q1 第 1 週測驗題](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2023-quiz1) 題目敘述如下: * 給定一個結構體如下 ```c struct item { uint16_t i; struct list_head list; }; ``` * 是一個以 doubly linked list 串在一起的串列 * 除此之外給定了一個比較內部值的函式 ```c static inline int cmpint(const void *p1, const void *p2) { const uint16_t *i1 = (const uint16_t *) p1; const uint16_t *i2 = (const uint16_t *) p2; return *i1 - *i2; } ``` 而目標為利用 `linux/list.h` 中的 API 對快速排序法實作 * 基本上快速演算法為一種 [`divide and conquer 演算法`](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divide-and-conquer_algorithm),而很明顯的這個演算法就會把給定的 linked list 分為兩半來處理,除此之外還要保證 stable * 題目code 如下: :::spoiler ```c static void list_sort(struct list_head *head) { if (list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head list_less, list_greater; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&list_less); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&list_greater); struct item *pivot = list_first_entry(head, AAA, BBB); list_del(&pivot->list); struct item *itm = NULL, *is = NULL; CCC (itm, is, head, list) { if (cmpint(&itm->i, &pivot->i) < 0) DDD (&itm->list, &list_less); else EEE (&itm->list, &list_greater); } list_sort(&list_less); list_sort(&list_greater); list_add(&pivot->list, head); list_splice(&list_less, head); FFF(&list_greater, head); } ``` ::: * 由於知道是 quick sort,我們就可以直接填入以上AAA 到 FFF 了 * struct item *pivot = list_first_entry(head, AAA, BBB); * 以這行為例 * pivot 不外乎就是快速排序法中取出pivot,而這邊直接使用 list_first_entry來取出 * 所以 AAA 很明顯就是 ==item== * BBB 就是 ==list== * CCC 吃四個參數,主要是為了把最前面的itm 移除掉後給list_less 或 list_greater,所以 * CCC 為 ==list_for_each_entry_safe== * DDD 為 ==list_move_tail== * EEE 為 ==list_move_tail== * 最後的 FFF,由於是已經把 list_greater 排序好了,而很明顯這個已經排序好的 linked list 為比較大的鏈結串列,那只需要把他接在最後面,這個排序就完成了。 * FFF 為 ==list_splice_tail== ### 延伸問題 #### 一、 #### 二、 #### 三、 #### 四、 ### 測驗二 * 給定程式碼如下: * 找出 GGGG HHHH IIII JJJJ KKKK * 這個程式碼,根據題目敘述,為iterative 版本的 quick sort :::spoiler ```c #define MAX_DEPTH 512 static void list_sort_nr(struct list_head *head) { if (list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head stack[MAX_DEPTH]; for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEPTH; i++) INIT_LIST_HEAD(&stack[i]); int top = -1; list_splice_init(head, &stack[++top]); struct list_head partition; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&partition); while (top >= 0) { INIT_LIST_HEAD(&partition); list_splice_init(&stack[top--], &partition); if (!list_empty(&partition) && !list_is_singular(&partition)) { struct list_head list_less, list_greater; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&list_less); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&list_greater); struct item *pivot = list_first_entry(&partition, struct item, list); list_del(&pivot->list); INIT_LIST_HEAD(&pivot->list); struct item *itm = NULL, *is = NULL; GGGG (itm, is, &partition, list) { list_del(&itm->list); if (cmpint(&itm->i, &pivot->i) < 0) list_move(&itm->list, &list_less); else list_move(&itm->list, &list_greater); } HHHH (&pivot->list, &list_less); if (!list_empty(&list_greater)) list_splice_tail(&list_greater, IIII); if (!list_empty(&list_less)) list_splice_tail(&list_less, JJJJ); } else { top++; list_splice_tail(&partition, &stack[top]); while (top >= 0 && list_is_singular(&stack[top])) { struct item *tmp = list_first_entry(&stack[top], struct item, list); list_del(&tmp->list); INIT_LIST_HEAD(KKKK); list_add_tail(&tmp->list, head); } } } } ``` ::: * 我們一一來分解以上code到底在做甚麼 ```c if (list_empty(head) || list_is_singular(head)) return; struct list_head stack[MAX_DEPTH]; for (int i = 0; i < MAX_DEPTH; i++) INIT_LIST_HEAD(&stack[i]); int top = -1; list_splice_init(head, &stack[++top]); struct list_head partition; INIT_LIST_HEAD(&partition); ``` * 一開始這幾行都在把 stack 設定好,並且把 head 放入 &stack[0]的位置 :::warning 2023/2/28 老師我想要請問為甚麼要寫 ```c int top = -1; list_splice_init(head, &stack[++top]); ``` 而不是 ```c int top = 0; list_splice_init(head, &stack[top]); ``` 這樣意義何在?多做一件事情不是會多消耗資源嗎? ::: * 後面的while 大致上可以分成 1. 從stack 中取出需要的 partition 2. 對partition 進行排序並且放回stack中 3. 若從stack 中取出的partition沒有東西,則把排序好的list 放回head 中 * 知道這個基本結構之後,我們就可以來看看填空的區域了 ```c GGGG (itm, is, &partition, list) { list_del(&itm->list); if (cmpint(&itm->i, &pivot->i) < 0) list_move(&itm->list, &list_less); else list_move(&itm->list, &list_greater); } ``` * `GGGG` 很明顯就是 `list_for_each_entry_safe` ```c HHHH (&pivot->list, &list_less); if (!list_empty(&list_greater)) list_splice_tail(&list_greater, IIII); if (!list_empty(&list_less)) list_splice_tail(&list_less, JJJJ); ``` * `HHHH` 看起來就是要把 `pivot` 放入 `list_less` 中,而由於在 `quicksort` 中 `pivot` 會是 `list_less` 中最大的元素,故把他擺到 `list_less` 中的最後一位,也就是==list_move_tail== * 其實也可以改成 ==`list_move(&pivot->list, &list_greater)`== * `IIII` 跟 `JJJJ` 的意思為,當 `list_greater 或是 list_less` 中有東西的話,我就把他們擺入stack中,所以這邊應該要寫 ==`&stack[++top]`== 如此一來可以保證 top往上移動並且不會撞到原本的元素 ```c else { top++; list_splice_tail(&partition, &stack[top]); while (top >= 0 && list_is_singular(&stack[top])) { struct item *tmp = list_first_entry(&stack[top], struct item, list); list_del(&tmp->list); INIT_LIST_HEAD(KKKK); list_add_tail(&tmp->list, head); } } ``` * 最後一個部分為把 `stack` 中的元素放入 原本的 `head` 中,一一把排序好的元素放回head中。 * 很明顯的就是要把 `stack[top]` 的元素拿出來之後並且初始化 * 所以 `KKKK` 很明顯的就是 &stack[top--] :::info 其實這四行程式碼可以省略成一行,變成以下: `list_move_tail(&stack[top--], head)` ::: ### 測驗三

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