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    # TypeScript Manual ## var / let / const **var** 存在 **Hoisting**, **Scoping**, **Capturing** 等三大問題 **let** 則是為了解決 var 的問題而誕生,你可以把他理解為 C# 的 var **const** 與 let 相似,差別在於 const 是不會變動的 ## async / await **Promise** 提供的語法糖,讓非同步函數的寫法向同步函數靠攏, 但不支援取消的功能 --- ### 類似C#的region用法 ``` // #region ABC ... // #endregion ``` --- ### 類似C#的summary用法 在多行註解 **/\* \*/** 的前半段, 多加一個星號 ``` /**測試*/ function test():void { } ``` --- ### namespace alias C# 用 **using**, TypeScript 用 **import** ``` import GParticleSys = particle.GravityParticleSystem; ``` --- ### 存取 namespace 內的自訂 class class 前面加上 **export** ``` namespace ABC{ export class XYZ{ static do():void{} } } ``` ``` ABC.XYZ.do(); ``` --- ### 註冊鍵盤按下事件 ``` init():void { document.addEventListener("keydown", this.onKeydown); } onKeydown(evt:KeyboardEvent):void { //判斷是否按下空白鍵, 2種不同的用法 if(evt.key == " "){} if(evt.code == "Space"){} //這裡的 this 是 document //如果直接呼叫 this.OnExecute() 一定找不到, 要呼叫class實體才行 } onExecute():void {} ``` 為了避免混淆, 可以這樣寫, 但目標 function 必須是公開的 ``` document.addEventListener("keydown", function(evt:KeyboardEvent){ //這裡再去呼叫 class的實體.onExecute() }); ``` 或者這樣寫, 就可以用 **this** ``` document.addEventListener("keydown", (evt:KeyboardEvent) => { this.onExecute(); }); ``` ### 多按鍵偵測 * 單純註冊 keydown 事件, 一次只會觸發一個按鍵事件, 無法同時處理多個按鍵, 解法如下 1. 需要註冊 **keydown** 和 **keyup** 事件來設定 flag 2. 註冊 **ENTER_FRAME** 事件 (作用和 unity MonoBehaviour 的 Update() 相同) 3. 在 **ENTER_FRAME** 觸發的 callback 裡面自行判斷 ``` this.addEventListener(egret.Event.ENTER_FRAME, 自訂callback, this); ``` * [Key code 對應表](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/KeyboardEvent/code/code_values) --- ### js轉換ts (判斷A) && (function A) => 判斷A為true時 執行A (判斷B) || (function B) => 判斷B為false時 執行B ## js: ``` var MyClass = (function () { function MyClass() { } Object.defineProperty(MyClass.prototype, "View", { get: function () { return this.view; }, set: function (value) { this.view = value; }, enumerable: true, configurable: true }); return MyClass; })(); ``` ## ts: ``` class MyClass { private view; get View() { return this.view; } set View(value) { this.view = value } } ``` ## Array 操作 ### Cannot read property 'push' of undefined ``` let myArray: number[]; // 沒有設定初始值 array.push(obj); // error occur: Cannot read property 'push' of undefined ``` :::danger 編譯後的 Javascript 為: ``` let myArray; <--- undefined array.push(obj); ``` ::: ``` let myArray: number[] = []; // 設定初始值 array.push(obj); ``` :::success 編譯後的 Javascript 為: ``` let myArray = []; <--- define as array array.push(obj); ``` ::: --- ## 如何避免VS自動產生 .js 和 .map 檔案 :::success 專案目錄新增 **tsconfig.json** 輸入以下內容 ``` { "compilerOptions": { "outDir": "資料夾名稱" } } ``` ::: --- ### module 和 namespace 的差異 | | module | namespace | |--|--| --| | ts 1.5以前的名稱 | external module | internal module | | 如何引用 | 需要先 import | 直接呼叫 | | export差異 | 需要加上 export | export代表對外開放 | --- ### iframe雙向溝通 * parent to child ```typescript target: HTMLIFrameElement; ... target.contentWindow.postMessage("訊息", "*"); ``` * child to parent ```typescript window.parent.postMessage("訊息", "*") ``` * 事件接收 ```typescript= window.addEventListener("message", this.onEvent, false); ... onEvent = (evt:MessageEvent) => { console.log(evt.data); }; ``` --- ## 字串比較 :::success 使用 [localeCompare()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/String/localeCompare) ```typescript= let a = "AAA"; let b = "aaa"; console.log(a.localCompare(b, "en", { sensitivity: "case" })); ``` | sensitivity 參數 | 基本字母 | 大小寫 | 輕重音 | | -- | -- | -- | -- | | base | <font color="red">檢查</font> | 忽略 | 忽略 | | accent | <font color="red">檢查</font> | 忽略 | <font color="red">檢查</font> | | case | <font color="red">檢查</font> | <font color="red">檢查</font> | 忽略 | | variant (預設值) | <font color="red">檢查</font> | <font color="red">檢查</font> | <font color="red">檢查</font> | ```typescript= let a = "Antonio" let b = "antónio" console.log("base => " + a.localeCompare(b, "en", { sensitivity: 'base' })); console.log("accent => " + a.localeCompare(b, "en", { sensitivity: 'accent' })); console.log("case => " + a.localeCompare(b, "en", { sensitivity: 'case' })); console.log("variant => " + a.localeCompare(b, "en", { sensitivity: 'variant' })); /*輸出結果 base => 0 accent => -1 case => 1 variant => -1 */ ``` [參考文件](https://www.techonthenet.com/js/string_localecompare.php) ::: --- ## 學習資源 * [MagicLen的TypeScript學習之路](https://magiclen.org/tag/typescript-學習之路/) * [Do's and Don'ts](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/declaration-files/do-s-and-don-ts.html) ###### tags: `教學`

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