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    --- tags: 演算法, LeetCode disqus: HackMD --- # 深度優先搜尋DFS ## 介紹 :::info 節點選項是用 **後進先出(LIFO)** 方式進行管理,所以可以使用堆疊的資料結構 ::: ![](https://i.imgur.com/yL1sOAN.gif) 深度優先搜尋(DFS)演算法是一種遍歷圖形或樹形結構的方法,它會從起點開始遍歷,並儘可能深入每一個節點,直到找到目標節點或已經訪問過所有節點。在搜索過程中,`DFS` 會使用一個堆疊(Stack)來存儲所有還未訪問的節點。當一個節點被訪問時,它會被標記為已訪問,並將其相鄰的未訪問節點推入堆疊中,繼續遍歷直到找到目標節點或堆疊被清空。`DFS` 演算法容易實現,但可能會陷入無限循環或遍歷過多節點。 ## 虛擬碼 以下是一個基本的深度優先搜尋演算法的範本: ```javascript= function DFS(G, s) { const stack = []; stack.push(s); while (stack.length > 0) { const v = stack.pop(); if (!G[v].visited) { G[v].visited = true; for (let u of G[v].adjacent) { stack.push(u); } } } } let G = { 1: { visited: false, adjacent: [2, 3] }, 2: { visited: false, adjacent: [1, 4] }, 3: { visited: false, adjacent: [1, 4] }, 4: { visited: false, adjacent: [2, 3, 5] }, 5: { visited: false, adjacent: [4] } }; DFS(G, 1); ``` G是一個圖形,s是起點。我們使用一個堆疊stack來存儲還未訪問的節點。 在遍歷過程中,如果一個節點v還沒有被訪問過,我們標記v為已訪問,然後將其相鄰的未訪問節點推入堆疊stack中。 我們重複這個過程,直到堆疊stack為空,即已經訪問過所有節點或者找到了目標節點。 ## 複雜度 ### 時間複雜度 $O(V+E)$ 最壞情況下,DFS可以訪問所有節點和邊,因此時間複雜度為$O(V+E)$,其中`V`表示節點數,`E`表示邊數。 ### 空間複雜度 $O(V)$ 在最壞情況下,如果樹或圖是連通的,`DFS`可能會將整個樹或圖遍歷,因此空間複雜度為$O(V)$,其中`V`表示節點數。 如果使用遞歸實現`DFS`,那麼空間複雜度取決於堆疊(STACK)的最大深度,最壞情況下也是$O(V)$。 ## 實戰 ### 題目說明 給定一棵二元樹,找到它的最小深度。 最小深度是從根節點到最近的葉節點的最短路徑上的節點數。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/STLdudZ.jpg) ### 解題 通過遞迴的方式進行深度優先搜索(DFS)來計算二元數的最小深度,並比較左子樹和右子樹的深度,最終返回二元樹的最小深度。 遞迴終止條件有三種情況: 1. 當 `root` 為 `null` 時,表示遍歷到了空節點,直接返回深度 0。 1. 當 `root` 的左子節點為 `null` 時,表示只有右子樹,繼續遞歸計算右子樹的最小深度,並加上當前節點,返回深度加 1。 1. 當 `root` 的右子節點為 `null` 時,表示只有左子樹,繼續遞歸計算左子樹的最小深度,並加上當前節點,返回深度加 1。 如果以上三種情況都不滿足,說明當前節點既有左子樹又有右子樹,此時取左子樹和右子樹的最小深度的較小值,並返回深度加 1 (當前節點),即為最終的最小深度。 ```javascript= /** * Definition for a binary tree node. * function TreeNode(val, left, right) { * this.val = (val===undefined ? 0 : val) * this.left = (left===undefined ? null : left) * this.right = (right===undefined ? null : right) * } */ /** * @param {TreeNode} root * @return {number} */ var minDepth = function(root) { if (root == null) return 0; if (root.left == null) return minDepth(root.right) + 1 if (root.right == null) return minDepth(root.left) + 1 return Math.min(minDepth(root.left), minDepth(root.right)) + 1 }; ```

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