Peter Chen; Kohan Chen
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    # 藍圖 linux ## 2025 課程準備、企劃、聯絡 重新開始 ## Linux 核心就業 [行程總表](https://wiki.csie.ncku.edu.tw/linux/schedule) [預期目標](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-a)先處理 Fork 舊的資料,對舊的目錄更名為 2022,再依照網頁指示,進行 import repository 導入目錄,完成預備。發現與之前專案有不同的檔案。概念不熟,重試才對。 ## 新聞 [AI_ms](https://github.com/sysprog21/lab0-c/pull/236) auto written commmit message by ollama. [A test.](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ObksvAZyWdo) In this video, you know how to set up git hooks, in .git/hooks with proper name. There is no extension as hook. 嘗試導入 qwen 到 prehook ,即將檔案放入 .git/hooks 並適當改名,接者依照教材修改 q_size ,因為我另外加一個檔案 git-pull-all.sh 所以結果稍微影響,但成功了。 ```shell # ✅Suggested commit messages: # Add Script to Update Git Branches and Pull Changes # # Automate fetching and pulling of remote branches with new script. Also # correct minor issue in q_size function to handle empty list gracefully. ``` ### [TODO!!]: 關於這個,Linux Foundation 提供的 LFD103 訓練 (A Beginner’s Guide to Linux Kernel Development) (免費的),裡面有介紹像是編譯核心或 in-tree modules 等基本的主題。完成之後還會收到認證可以放 LinkedIn (?) https://training.linuxfoundation.org/....../a-beginne....../ [kernel course](https://trainingportal.linuxfoundation.org/learn/course/a-beginners-guide-to-linux-kernel-development-lfd103/linux-kernel-development-process/linux-kernel-development-process?page=2) [面試](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o9HjvKTET20)凱心琳和 Ian 在 John 解題 [Leetcode Challenge](/48Jiy_x8TziHexUx_uXiHQ) [linked mess](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2024-progress?fbclid=IwY2xjawJJZcRleHRuA2FlbQIxMQABHWWqD_aqEivLO6_Kzpp8sSkLlQsZ7rhjg4a-ZeNebMIBVIoxdbKSDuUdQg_ohaem_CPp_Mj4qmWG-sMwBQI4t2w) [文組翻身](https://medium.com/%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%99%BA%E6%85%A7/%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84-linux-kerenl-%E5%AD%B8%E7%BF%92%E8%B7%AF%E7%A8%8B-7d507440f473) [lkml](https://lkml.org/),找到幾個你主修 subsystem 的重點改動 [chatgpt for interview](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t4SMw2XgGiE) YT video and some links of :::info [!] Failed to retrieve upstream commit hash from GitHub. 小錯誤,回憶經驗,知道是 GPG 公私鑰設定的問題。 Why is Git always asking for my password? - deploy keys - GitHub Apps 根據作業說明後半文字,必須補完程式碼,否則無法通過 git hook 的檢查機制。 ::: :man_dancing:emoji cheat sheet[^emoji_l1] [^emoji_l1]:[emojilist](https://github.com/ikatyang/emoji-cheat-sheet) 最差就引用22年的專案設計,一定可行。 lab-0 qtest,參考 [hello-algo](https://www.hello-algo.com/zh-hant/) 完成問題 #### [ideas](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-ideas) [2024 年課程期末展示](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2024-showcase) 及[完整期末專題列表](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2024-projects),搭配 [2024 年課程回顧影片](https://youtu.be/JSUkg8KXx-Q)從去年的期末專題中選出至少 7 項題目,紀錄過程中的認知、遇到的疑惑,以及你認為如何改進。盡可能選我有興趣容易而且有時間且能適當發展。每一項,除了認知、疑惑、改進之外,興趣和難易度和發展時間以及可能性都會被討論。 上半場 可以直接切時間: 場次:4;人次:15 : 鄭樺軒 陳伯儒, <張則佳 P177 = Hot Mercury> 成大資工所114級, <陳榮佑>, <>, <>, <>, <Roy Huang>, <鄭以新 I-Hsin Cheng = var-x> ~44:04 34:03-44:04 var; Sched 25 mins 1:31:27-1:39:04-1:39:19-1:48:16 disk , jason50123 1:39:04 老師訊息留言 1:10:22 葉惟欣 排程書籍 ### 作業區 - [lab0作業需求](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-a) - [lab0 回憶和突破](/_sS3BitpSMuUPvLRAwhlGg) - [2025q1 Homework1 (lab0) Urbaner](/bqVA0peKTta0jLI0hAbKHg) * [x] 10+email [作業區~~連結建立~~](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-homework1) | 使用者名稱 | lab0-c | GitHub | ideas | | ------ | ------ | ------ | ------ | | Urbaner3 | [Urbaner](https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/lab0hw) | [GitHub](https://github.com/Urbaner3/lab0-c) | [ideas](https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/ideas25) 期末專題: [proj](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-showcase) #### reverseK [graph](https://pythontutor.com/visualize.html#mode=edit) ```cpp #include <stdio.h> #include <stdlib.h> // Define a simple struct to hold an integer value struct node { int data; struct node *prev; struct node *next; }; // Function to add a new node to the end of the list void add_node(struct node **head, int data) { struct node *new_node = (struct node *) malloc(sizeof(struct node)); new_node->data = data; new_node->next = NULL; if (*head == NULL) { *head = new_node; new_node->prev = NULL; } else { struct node *temp = *head; while (temp->next != NULL) { temp = temp->next; } temp->next = new_node; new_node->prev = temp; } } // Function to print the list void print_list(struct node *head) { while (head != NULL) { printf("%d ", head->data); head = head->next; } printf("\n"); } // Function to reverse nodes in groups of k void q_reverseK(struct node **head, int k) { if (!head || !(*head) || k <= 1) { return; } struct node *curr = *head; struct node *prev_tail = NULL; struct node *new_head = NULL; while (curr != NULL) { struct node *group_head = curr; struct node *prev = NULL; int count = 0; // Reverse k nodes while (curr != NULL && count < k) { struct node *next = curr->next; curr->next = prev; curr->prev = next; // Adjust the prev pointer prev = curr; curr = next; count++; } // Connect the previous group's tail to the current group's head if (prev_tail != NULL) { prev_tail->next = prev; } // Update the new head of the list if (new_head == NULL) { new_head = prev; } // Update the tail of the current group prev_tail = group_head; } // Update the head pointer if (new_head != NULL) { *head = new_head; } } // Main function int main() { // Create a list and add some nodes struct node *head = NULL; for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++) { add_node(&head, i); } // Print original list printf("Original list: "); print_list(head); // Reverse the list in groups of k int k = 3; q_reverseK(&head, k); // Print reversed list printf("Reversed list in groups of %d: ", k); print_list(head); return 0; } ``` ### 期待攻下伺服器 [希望的var-x](https://hackmd.io/@vax-r/linux2024-homework1#%E6%95%B4%E5%90%88%E7%B6%B2%E9%A0%81%E4%BC%BA%E6%9C%8D%E5%99%A8) 得失心不要太重,學習惟欣,穩定常態,而不是追求超然。[作業要求](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-lab0/%2F%40sysprog%2Flinux2025-lab0-c) 可能改變,也許本來就不穩定,在測試,也只有少數人能體會,不必太過在意。能學會 select 很好,繼續思考伺服器還有什麼可學的。 ### AI [aider](https://www.facebook.com/microjserv/videos/1652231735639264/?idorvanity=1531876370923589) [ai_commit_help](https://www.facebook.com/groups/system.software2025/permalink/936276488709153/) ### 課前問卷 [2025 linux kernel quiz pre-course](/qXjfKr_eTNq7BPgBsBN9eQ) ### 參考教材 算法心得:高效算法的奥秘[2](https://awesome-programming-books.github.io/algorithms/%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E5%BF%83%E5%BE%97%EF%BC%9A%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E7%AE%97%E6%B3%95%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A5%E7%A7%98%EF%BC%88%E7%AC%AC2%E7%89%88%EF%BC%89.pdf); 計算機程序設計藝術[^ref_bit][whole](https://archive.org/details/codenoart/%5B%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F%E8%AE%BE%E8%AE%A1%E8%89%BA%E6%9C%AF%5D.%E7%AC%AC3%E5%8D%B7.%E6%8E%92%E5%BA%8F%E4%B8%8E%E6%9F%A5%E6%89%BE/page/n141/mode/2up); <> [^ref_bit]:S. (2013). Hacker's Delight (2nd ed.). Addison–Wesley Professional. p. 512. ISBN 978-0321842688.; Knuth, Donald E. (2009). The Art of Computer Programming Volume 4, Fascicle 1: } @提醒 lab0: [git 介紹](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/git-with-github) >git pull deal with other branches [Git playground](/w7lh_qR6QC-6m7Ybx4p6Xw) [makefile](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/SySTMXPvl) [hackmd_src](https://hackmd.io/features-tw?both) to copy [chat_word](https://quickref.me/chatgpt) [git branch](https://gist.github.com/grimzy/a1d3aae40412634df29cf86bb74a6f72) : How to pull all branches in github? Create a git-pull-all.sh can be executed. ### 作業依靠 22,23,24年 有 valgrind 的優先 :::spoiler Hw1 #### hw1 [以新](https://hackmd.io/@vax-r/linux2024-homework1) 是一個有根據、有系統、敢做敢想,有創意的人。所以受人矚目。 惟欣是一個直覺準,自省能力高,說話穩注意觀感的人,但對測試過的理論,就會很快。無法注意別人。 衍傑是一個精神差,無法長時間說話的人 那我科翰是怎樣的人?分心、貪心,敢想敢做隨性的人,常常像個賭徒。會幻想,但也會過度練習、過度解釋。善用敏感直覺。會大量閱讀和模仿。 不能接受別人、但會去演示或是模仿,為達目的不擇手段。 容易走偏,產生邪教。不夠專注,相信成型,奔放,不夠勇敢。堅持。 稍微記錄程式碼數量,想象是在做菜,雖然是多個程式,但步驟是重複的,目標要想辦法讓他明確。先確認 commit 的更新,還有說明文字鐘的目標數量,重複關係,做事順序,或是並行處理。有測資、實作 queue 程式碼、資料結構演算法、自動測試、valgrind 動態分析、指標處理回收清除、Makefile 流程、 sort 排序實作、研究內核 list sort 程式碼、已知條件。得知優化的能力。目錄檔案點算。記憶體位置,電腦運算,編碼,記憶除錯、記憶體設計、完成檢驗。第一次、第二次、第三次測驗。 精準的記憶體分析和除錯、Git pre-commit hook、Git pre-push hook 3=fork, push, passwd。選單界面、linenoise 補完、自動評分程式 2 python, make 再畫圖。ASAN: Address Sanitizer、 seg fault 頁一 API說明、作業目標、過往歷史搜尋。Helloalg 演算法展示。NULL 空和 empty 指標空。 queue.c 實作。17 函數,找出重複寫出計劃。 delete" 和 "remove" 看似都是「刪去」不同:斷開和清空。頭值接節點的結構。編譯環境 ,靜態分析, rebase,開發工具內外。 make: check, test 流程可以推。 scripy:python, hook 兩項 python 編譯配 IDE、[slide_download](https://slidesaver.app/)、/usr/include/linux/ 、前項有 sched.h 應用 list_head、基礎實作:-linked-list#開放原始碼專案中的實作、list.h 在 kernel 裡的哪裡:include/linux/types、 git fetch or pull、q_size 示範、check:size, show, new, size, ih, it, reverse, free, quit; ::: ### 小目標 補回測驗、上課進度 #### 2025q1 [2025q1 第 1 週測驗筆記](/zcxfksKASyaSRRr03A_lmw) ; [題目](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-quiz1) : linked list, double pointer append; memory free block_t tree; Quick sort week2 [題目](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-quiz2): sort with linux linked list, ;square root 2 with bitwise operation; hash table, two sum leetcode. slice window, sum of subarray. week3 [題目](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-quiz3): bit operations, setbit, multiplication, module, gcd, test; SIMD within a register , memory, mask; signal , user context; week4 [題目](https://hackmd.io/@sysprog/linux2025-quiz4): Cyclic Redundancy Check, bitops, rbtree #### hw4 去年測驗 [M04: quiz3+4](https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/linux2025-homework4) 回答第 3 周測驗題從測驗一到測驗五和第 4 周測驗題從測 [quiz_try](/vYhoGl0mT-KQi35FbqLmmg) = [2024quiz_try](/vYhoGl0mT-KQi35FbqLmmg) ### lab0 qtest call graph 利用 [egypt](https://lihashgnis.blogspot.com/2016/05/generating-call-graph-of-c-code-linux.html)做圖 , [opt](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cd8IYPVRkhI) ![qtest_graph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1U6aNsjJe.png) ![console.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk3barjskx.png) ![linenoise.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJUVTSjjJl.png) ![report.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r12N6Bsj1g.png) ![queue.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkqSpSjokl.png) ![harness.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hy4LTBij1g.png) ![random.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryfOpSji1x.png) ![web.o_callgraph](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1sO6Bji1x.png) ## 測驗表單 [連結](https://docs.google.com/forms/d/e/1FAIpQLScCKBf07mQVQaienQtIifg60I3Ihh1WH0XKgn4QU0n7KNLhwQ/formResponse) urbaner3@gmail.com 陳科翰 Urbaner3 https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/linux2025-homework3 在「並行程式設計: 排程器原理」提及可在使用者層級做到搶佔式的 coroutine,這需要 Linux 提供什麼機制?用英語簡述實作手法,以及為了達成搶佔特性,你該如何調整? signal 〈你所不知道的 C 語言:編譯器和最佳化原理篇〉舉一段程式碼: int main() { int a = 11, b = 13, c = 5566; int i, result; for (i = 0; i < 10000; i++) result = (a * b + i) / (a * c); return result; } 現在的編譯器最佳化可消弭原本的迴圈和乘法、加法,和除法等運算,最終得到非常簡潔的機械碼?是因為施加哪些一系列最佳化手法?請用英語回答。 〈UNIX 作業系統 fork/exec 系統呼叫的前世今生〉提及 execl 和 execv 系列的系統呼叫在正確執行時,沒有回傳值,即便這些函式原型都指定 int 為回傳型態,為何如此?(英語作答) * 授課教師講解〈從模除偏差談亂數分布〉時,提過在哪個 Microsoft 主持的開放原始碼專案,針對 arc4random 函式行為和 macOS 潛在的安全議題進行過貢獻並被收錄?(小寫) * 講解〈以統計觀點看電腦網路傳輸品質〉時,授課教師談及自身近期研究伺服器表現和作業系統核心議題,除了重視 throughput,還特別著重什麼?(小寫) * https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/linux2025-homework4 在「並行程式設計: 排程器原理」提及 neco 是個 C 語言撰寫的函式庫,藉由 coroutine 提供並行處理功能,該專案可與 POSIX Thread 搭配使用,藉此可達成不同於純粹核心或使用者等級的執行緒模型,這稱為什麼?簡述其行為 (小寫,有冒號) * 在「錯誤更正碼 (ECC) 介紹和實作考量」提及 Linux 核心的 Reed–Solomon error correction,在 Linux 核心原始程式碼中,librs 實作主體位於哪個目錄? (小寫,有底線) * 在〈「一切皆為檔案」的理念與解讀〉有款以微核心為基礎的作業系統,將 TCP 連線看待成檔案,允許使用者直接開啟並從而建立 TCP 連線,儘管該作業系統沒有活躍的開發,但仍啟發 Linux 核心的開發 (小寫) * 在〈你所不知道的 C 語言:連結器和執行檔資訊〉的講解錄影中,提到過往授課為了展現開發作業系統並非困難的事情,授課教師建立一個小型的開放原始碼專案並在該講座探討 linker script 的用法,該專案的名稱是什麼? (小寫) https://hackmd.io/@Urbaner/2025q1-homework5 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 task_struct 這個相當關鍵的結構體,後者採用哪個結構體來表示任務 (task) 和任務之間的連接關係? * list_head 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 PID hash table,在 task_struct 中,採用哪個結構體來表示 PID hash table 遇上索引值碰撞時,線性存取 PID 對應的任務節點? * hlist_node 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 Linux 核心的 switch_to 巨集,在不考慮效能的議題,該巨集在使用者層級可用 C 語言標準函式庫的哪些函式替換? * setjmp 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 Linux 核心自 v2.6.23 引入 CFS (Completely Fair Scheduler) 作為預設的 CPU 排程器,直到 v6.6 才更換為 EEVDF。CFS 利用哪個資料結構來維護 vruntime 且從中挑選出最小的 vruntime 呢?使用 Linux 核心原始程式碼的用語來作答。 * rbtree 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 Linux 核心一度採用 O(1) scheduler 作為預設的 CPU 排程器,優先權紀錄在由位元構成的陣列中,在 Linux 核心的術語是什麼?(小寫,以 Linux 核心的標頭檔為主) * bitmap 延續上題,一旦優先權紀錄於由位元構成的陣列中,若想從低位到高位,尋找指定位元陣列第一個設定為 1 的位元 (即 find first set; ffs),GCC 提供對應的內建函式是什麼? * __builtin_ffs 〈Linux 核心設計: 不只挑選任務的排程器〉提及 Linux 核心採納 CFS 作為預設的 CPU 排程器之前,曾考慮過 Con Kolivas (簡稱 CK) 開發的 SD/RSDL 排程器,不過就算 CK 的成果沒有直接收錄在 Linux 核心,但 CFS 程式碼裡頭仍有其成果並向 CK 致敬,甚至後來移轉到 EEVDF,CK 的成果仍保留。CK 是個傳奇人物,他的主業是專科醫師,請問 CK 是什麼科別的專科醫師? (中文作答) * 麻醉科 〈UNIX 作業系統 fork/exec 系統呼叫的前世今生〉提及 Linux 存在一個特別的系統呼叫,可用來建立 thread 和 process,藉此也說明 Linux 核心刻意不區隔二者,該系統呼叫的名稱是什麼? * clone

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