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    # Call by Value or Call by Reference ? ###### tags: `javascript`、`advanced`、`concept` ### call by value 範例: ``` function swap(a, b) { var temp = a; a = b; b = temp; } var x = 10; var y = 20; swap(x, y); console.log(x, y) // 10, 20 ``` 上面的例子的 `x`、`y`、`a`、`b` 的記憶體位址其實都不同,也就是說,`x` 與 `y` 的值實際上只是「拷貝」一份分別給 `a` 和 `b` 的變數而已,這種傳值的方式就叫 **call by value**。 ## call by reference ``` const obj = {a: 1, b: 2} const obj2 = obj obj2.b = 3 console.log(obj) // {a: 1, b: 3} console.log(obj2) // {a: 1, b: 3} ``` 上面的例子因為 `var obj2 = obj` 這行實際上背後操作的是複製 `obj` 物件的記憶體位址給`obj2`,因此變成 `obj2` 和 `obj` 兩個物件都指向同一個記憶體位址,因此當操作 `obj2.b = 3` 時,`obj` 的變數 `b` 也會跟著變成 `3`,這就是通常稱呼為 call by reference 的傳遞資料型態。 接著我們再舉一個例子: ``` function add(obj) { obj.number++ } var o = {number: 10} add(o) console.log(o.number) // 11 ``` 依照 call by reference 的特性,上面這個例子的結果為 `11` 很合理,`o` 物件中的 `number` 的值受到了影響,只因為記憶體指向相同的位址。 但是如果是這樣子的範例: ``` function add(obj) { // 讓 obj 變成一個新的 object obj = { number: obj.number + 1 } return obj.number } var o = {number: 10} console.log(add(o)) // 11 console.log(o.number) // 10 ``` 上面的例子是把 `o` 這個物件帶到 function 的參數中讓 `obj` 和 `o` 共用一樣的物件,可是如果把這個 `obj` 重新賦予新的值的話,就會改到共用的物件(`add(o)`的結果為`11`),但是外面的`o`物件卻不會受到影響(`o.number`的值依然是`10`),這就是有人稱呼的 **call by sharing**。 所以物件(object)真的都是以 call by reference 的型式來傳遞資料的嗎?或者我們換個角度思考,在 javascript 的世界當中,是否存在所謂的 call by reference ? ### 結論(下面參考資料的那篇文章的結論): 1. javascript 只有 call by value。 2. javascript 的基本型態(primitive type)是 call by value;物件(object)是 call by sharing。 > 你要知道 JavaScript 傳 object 進去的時候,可以更改原本物件的值,但重新賦值並不會影響到外部的 object。只要知道這一點,其他的我覺得都沒那麼重要了。 前面一段的解釋(傳 object 進去的時候,可以更改原本物件的值)有人稱呼這個為 **call by reference**;第二段(重新賦值並不會影響到外部的 object)則是 **call by sharing**(就像上面的例子一樣)。 但是因為目前並沒有明確的定義(ECMA 手冊上也沒有)什麼是 call by value,什麼是 call by referenece, 甚至有人說 call by reference 和 call by shaing 是一樣的東西,但重點是要了解 primitive type 與 object 的傳值與更改值的方式有什麼不同,因為以目前來說,這些名詞真的是一中各表,各自表述。 #### 參考資料: [深入探討 JavaScript 中的參數傳遞:call by value 還是 reference? ](https://github.com/aszx87410/blog/issues/30)

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