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    # 機械設計:工程圖製圖規範 Mechanical Drawing ###### tags: `Mechnical Design` `Engineering` 工程製圖是設計者與工廠製作者溝通的工具,有清楚的圖面說明,可以省下來回溝通的時間,並讓製作者準確地製作出設計者所設計之零件。 此篇筆記說明會著重於機械製圖中之工程圖的基本繪製規範,以下會以Solidworks 2020作為操作軟體做說明。 ## 標準三視圖 Standard 3 views ![](https://i.imgur.com/h8MRG3F.png) 在繪製工程圖時,通常一個零件會出其標準三視圖,並加一個透視角度做說明。 標準三視圖包含:前視圖(基準)Front、頂/俯視圖Top、側視圖Right,下圖作為範例。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/8OY0D4n.png) 基本上零件工程圖都是以標準三視圖出圖,但並非每次都需要按照標準三視圖出圖。因為不是每一個零件的構造於標準三視圖中都容易呈現,例如:如果此零件的底部有孔位,而我們只出頂視圖,這樣會讓製造者不知道底部需要開孔,而造成製作出不正確的零件。在這樣的案例中,我們應該要多加一個仰視圖(或只出仰視圖不出俯視圖,依其重要性決定),來告訴製造者底部孔位的位置。因此,工程圖出圖的原則應為**易閱讀性**為主。 ## 標註 Anotation 工程圖的繪製主要目的,是讓製造者能夠理解我們所設計的零件,並能根據圖面製造出來,因此要**為製做者想來標註尺寸**。 ### 尺寸標註原則: #### 一、重要的尺寸 在標示尺寸時,須與其他零件配合之設計,為重要尺寸,因此特別需要標註。 #### 二、製造者需要知道的尺寸 要為製造者想來標註尺寸,因此我們要標註製造者需要知道**或好測量之位置**的尺寸。 #### 三、以一個基準面去標註 為了避免工程圖面上有過多的尺寸讓畫面難以閱讀,因此會在零件上自行設定一個基準面,從這個基準面作標註,如下圖所示。而設定基準面還有一個用處在於,零件製作的誤差不會分散。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/EWI2Eza.jpg) #### 四、同樣的特徵標一次 善用**中心線**(Centerline)及**中心符號線**(Center Mark)等工具。 #### 中心線(Centerline) 為了簡潔圖面,對稱的設計會用中心線來標註,有了中心線標註,就只需要標一邊的尺寸,因為對稱之尺寸為相同之特徵,只需標註一次。如下圖所示,為中心線之標註。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/6qAoEhe.jpg) #### 中心符號線(Center Mark) 而中心符號線是用在標註圓型之設計,可以標註圓的中心點,也可以標註分布在一個圓周上的孔位。下圖為中心符號線之應用。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OOkFEKu.jpg) P.C.D (Pitch Circle Diameter)是指節圓的直徑。以上圖為例,3 x Ø5.50 THRU P.C.D Ø35.00的意思是「三個直徑5.5mm的通孔,平均分布在直徑35mm的圓周上」。這樣的標註方式就可以將很多的資訊用一個標註來說明呈現。 ### 文字標註原則: #### 一、標註材料 標註此零件所要採用的材料,如:鋁合金、白鐵、中碳鋼等,或為工廠有現成規格之方管、圓管等。 #### 二、標註製作方式 標註此零件所要採用的加工方式,如:雷切、折彎、焊接等等,常常為一種以上的加工方式。 #### 三、標註數量 標註此零件所要製造的數量。 ### 標註符號: #### 一、孔標註 孔的標註有一些常用的符號: * THRU 通孔 * Ø 直徑 * **ㄩ** 柱形沉頭 * ˅ 錐形沉頭 * ↓下沉深度 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vHgeF5P.png) 在Solidworks裡可以直接使用"**ㄩ**Ø Hole Callout"去自動生成孔的標註符號。下圖為兩個實際應用的範例。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/NsgXaJB.png) 上圖範例中,下者標註的意思為「於直徑14mm的通孔有直徑16mm下沉5mm的槽」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/gpKTsiE.png) 上圖範例中標註的意思為「有3個直徑4.50的通孔有直徑9.40、90度的錐孔下沉槽,平均分布在直徑40.00的節圓上」。 #### 二、螺絲孔標註 螺絲孔的符號是於孔的外圍繪製一圈有開口的圈(像是英文字母C),並在尺寸標示上標註直徑為M幾的螺絲。如下圖範例為「2個M3*0.5下沉8mm的螺絲孔」。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/prGuJaj.png) #### 三、銲接標註 焊接符號有些複雜,箭頭(arrow)處指出需要焊接的位置、焊接符號(weld symbol)標示焊接的方式、尾端(Tail)為額外的說明,如下圖呈現。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OL06J8l.png) 以下為常用之焊接符號用法可以參考,不過此圖只是一小部分,還有很多的焊接符號沒有說明,其他的的符號若有興趣可自行搜尋。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/cnGnQa7.png) 但其實一般不會做過多的銲接符號標註,因此也不太常用到那些符號,只會於Tail處標示銲接的說明(如下圖所示),而要怎麼焊就留給製作者決定吧。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/uhVnUAW.png) #### 四、倒角標註 如果零件的倒角為重要特徵,那就必須標註,斜角為Chamfer、圓角為Fillet,因此斜角就直接用文字標註C多少mm,而標註的尺寸為直角三角形的邊寬(不是斜面),如下圖所示。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PWg4e6J.png) #### 五、標註C/E扣槽 在標註C釦或E釦槽的時候,由於槽通常都較小,因此會用「局部放大圖(Detail View)」拉出來個別座標註,會較易閱讀。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/f9Y49o6.png) --- 當然,繪製工程圖還是有許多彈性的地方與例外,但只要遵守以上主要的原則,基本上就沒什麼問題,最重要的還是**知道那些尺寸是重要的**並**為製造者著想**!

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