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    # Week 13(2019/05/16) - 備份與自動化 本週簡報: [本週 Slide](https://docs.google.com/presentation/d/1wJTCemM79a-d8FDMcgH6nDHAyifFsLjQzEL8xYDYnaw/edit?usp=sharing) > 備份很重要 更重要的是異地備份 天災人禍難以預測, 不小心一把火,可能就沒了 :::info 如果安裝軟體遇到用`curl ... 然後 | sh `等的 指令 , :warning:最好不要直接Pipe :ok:先下載下來看沒有毒才安裝 ::: # Data Duplicator (dd) + sync 邊寫邊備份 → 速度比較慢 + fsync 直接把資料丟掉緩衝區再慢慢背負 → 速度比較快 ``` sudo dd if=/dev/sdb of=/home/..../backup.img if = 要備份的東西 # input of = 被分到哪裏 # output ``` + `dd`+`gzip` 備份的話 = 把要備份的硬碟裏面的0壓縮掉,再備份 + 好處 :資料比較少,備份比較快 + tar 只是打包沒有壓縮, 所以要大悲gzip 來使用 + tar 對打包多個檔案才會比較有作用 ### ZFS(俗稱 Zetta File System) :::danger 不要用在根目錄!雖然可以,但是設定很麻煩! 一般把用到的資源,如docker、需要用到的目錄、db等目錄設到ZFS ::: + Zpool - 邏輯硬碟管理能力 + 有snapshot 的功能 + 有Copy-on-write & 自動修復的功能 [指令參考 FreeBSD](https://www.freebsd.org/doc/zh_TW/books/handbook/zfs-zfs.html) :::info #### 淺談 LZ4 壓縮率不是最好的 但是速度是最快的 ::: + 建立快照 `zfs snapshot {snapshot name exp:datapool/docs@version1}` + 看建立的快照 `zfs lists -t snapshot` + 刪除快照 `zfs destroy {snapshot name}` + 把snapshot掛載到其他目錄`zfs clone datapool/docs@version3 datapool/docs/v3` 改變Mount point 只能在已經建立zfs系統的硬碟使用 + ZFS 變快的方法 + ZIL 很像 raid 卡上面的記憶體(8G) + 結果寫入就會變很快 + L2ARC + 第二層用讀很快的 SSD,不用買貴貴 ECC Memory 來 cache,其實也蠻快的 :::danger 1. XFS:比較不開放,但是效能也不錯 2. BTRFS: ::: ### 100MB.bin `$ wget https://speed.hetzner.de/100MB.bin` - 上課介紹的是 FileSystem 的部分 - 可以虛擬成新的硬碟 ![](https://louwrentius.com/static/images/zfs-overview.png) ## RAID ### Raid 0(以兩顆硬碟為例,須為雙數) 檔案直接一分為二,分別存入硬碟,速度最快 :warning: 一個掛就再見 ### Raid 1: Mirror (以兩個硬碟為例) 速度慢,需要 Mirror 檔案雙向存入(Mirror) ### Raid 5(至少三顆硬碟,容量:N-1) - 會將檔案一分為二存放並且額外將 Hash 值存在第三顆硬碟,只要其中一顆掛,可以由其中兩顆恢復 - 效能不一定,會較花費 CPU,需要檢驗 Checksum - 效能也取決於RAID卡 ### Raid 6(至少四顆硬碟,容量:N-2) 同RAID 5,但hash則會建立在兩顆(RAID 5 一顆)。 ### RAID 10(RAID 1 + RAID 0) 兩顆Mirror,一顆做分割? ## RAID Speed: 0 > 5|6 > 1 :::info 可以利用上述組合來達到目標效能 ::: # DR Disaster Recovery ## Hot backup 備援站硬體及軟體與線上站差不多,可以立即轉換 ## Warm(Mix) backup 介於前後兩者之間,可以在少數操作之下上線備援 ## Cold backup 備援站只資料,軟體及硬體較不完整,需要啟用的話要花更多時間 ### SCP `scp -P {Port number} {要上傳的檔案} {遠端主機的目錄}` `-r` recursive 用於目錄 `-l` limit 限制速度 `-C` compress 壓縮 ### Rsync + 可以填過沒有變動的檔案(差異備份?) + 可以本地備份 或 遠端備份 + 遠端備份的方式 + `rsync -avzh -e 'ssh -p {port number}' {要備份的目錄} {遠端主機的目錄}` + `--delete` 一邊備份一邊刪除原本的檔案 + `--delete-after` 備份完成後再刪除 ## 組態管理 ### Ansible + 重複的流程自動化 + e.g. install vim etc. + Infrastructure as a Code + 硬軟體設定變成code + git

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