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    contributed by < `jesus255221` > # 指標篇 >中英文字間請以空白隔開 >[name=課程助教][color=red] 老師上課有講到 C 可以建立指標指向 incomplete type 那 incomplete type 的指標大小是不是跟 int 之類的指標一樣大呢? ```clike #include <stdio.h> struct test; int main() { int* a; struct test* b; printf("%d\n",sizeof(a)); printf("%d",sizeof(b)); return 0; } ``` 的確執行結果都是8個bytes(64位元。 根據 Linux 所採用的LP64 Data Model 指標的大小是64 bits Model :::info 找出 C99/C11 規格書中對應的描述 :notes: jserv ::: <s> 指標大小不是定義在LP64 Data Model裡面嗎? </s> :::danger 不要「憑感覺」,快去翻歸格書!工程師被人尊敬是因為專業,是因為不捨晝夜追求真善美,「指標大小不是定義在 LP64 Data Model 裡面」這句的解讀需要有對應的正規描述 :notes: jserv ::: :::warning 在規格書C99 6.3.2.3 有說到任何非 q 型態的指標可以轉換成 q 型態的指標。兩個指標必須相等。 7.18.1.4 有提到```intptr_t``` is able to hold a pointer to object. Therefore, the pointer size depends on the implementation of ```intptr_t```. ::: ### 直接指定位址的值 上課也有提到如何設定某個位址的值 ``` clike *(int32_t * const) (0x67a9) = 0xaa6; ``` 結果 godbolt 出現 ``` mov eax, 26537 //把26537移入eax暫存器 mov DWORD PTR [rax], 2726 //依照rax裡面取值再把2726存進去 ``` 雖然只有把26537傳入eax裡面,但是指標依址取值的時候都是用rax來查找地址。也就是Dword(4 byte on 32位元)的大小。 那到底上面這段程式碼是怎麼運作的呢? 根據第二部指標篇的影片事實上 ```clike (int32_t * const) (0x67a9) ``` 會先轉成指標的常數,道理同```(void *) 6296224``` 在藉由 * operator dereference 定址到 ```0x67a9``` 再設為常數。 ## 對於XOR交換詳細的描述 wikipedia 有詳細的描述關於用 XOR 運算進行 inplace 交換 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XOR_swap_algorithm 基本上利用的原理就是 A XOR A = 0 這種運算來達成交換 ## 問題 :::warning :question: ::: 1.有關 ```char a[]``` 與 ```char *a```的問題似乎與 string literal 相關。因為 ```char a[]``` 的宣告在 string literal 及 stack 皆有字串所以```return```會造成未定義行為。那 string literal 存放在哪裡呢(以Linux為例)? :::danger 先去找規格書,再來討論。避免用「似乎」這種詞彙,及早脫離文組^TM^ :notes: jserv ::: :::info C99 根據6.4.5.5 的敘述, string literal 會被初始化再 an array of static storage duration,與 static 相同。 ::: 2. ```clike #include <stdio.h> #define DEBUG 1 #define DBG( ... ) \ if (DEBUG) { __VA_ARGS__; } int main(int argc, char *argv[]) { char *num; switch (argc - 1) { case 0: num = "zero"; DBG( case 1: num = "one"; ) DBG( case 2: num = "two"; ) DBG( case 3: num = "three"; ) DBG( default: num = "many"; ) while (--argc) printf("%s ", argv[argc]); printf("\nArgument count: %s\n", num); break; } return 0; } ``` 為什麼在 goto 流程控制篇```DEBUG```設為 0 時,有類似```break```效果?也就是```num```能得到正確的參數個數的值? :::danger 提問前,確保你翻過 C99 規格書的描述,先列出並摘要後,我們再來討論 :notes: jserv ::: 3. 在 linked list和非連續記憶體操作 講座中說到刪除時間是常數時間。但是 linked list 不是也必須走訪到該節點才能將該節點移除嗎?這樣的時間不是```O(n)```嗎? :::info 注意看 note delete 的實作,如果已經知道特定節點的地址,刪除就是常數時間,要確認這前提是否存在 :notes: jserv ::: 待查事項 * GDB hack skills * Return oriented programming

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