蝦想承為工程師
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    ## 人工智慧(AI)、機器學習(ML)、深度學習(DL)之間的差異 以下取自 Copilot 的介紹 >人工智慧,旨在讓機器模擬人類特有的智慧,使其具有思考、學習和解決問題的能力,或執行以往僅需人類大腦完成的任務和決策。 >機器學習,一種讓機器從數據中學習的技術,使其能實現人工智慧。機器學習不斷接收和處理大量資訊(數據),並從中學習。 >深度學習,是機器學習的一個分支,使用神經網絡模型模仿人類大腦的運作方式。它通過多層次的神經元逐漸理解數據,提取特徵並做出判斷。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H16sVxCm0.png) 在某些任務上,本身極其複雜或是難以用程式語言編碼時,便能透過機器學習或深度學習的技術,協助我們解決問題,例如語音辨識系統(Speach recognition)、手寫數字辨識(Handwritten digit recognition)等。 ## 那麼機器是如何學習的呢? 機器學習,簡單來說就是讓機器自行找到一個**函式 $y = f(x)$**,將手中的資料輸入給機器,期望能夠得到一個還不錯的結果,因此輸入可以看做是 x,輸出則是 y。 現在我們一起來看一下機器學習的架構 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HkH33h2tyx.png) 首先,需要準備好訓練資料(training data)以及測試資料(testing data),這兩個最大的差別在於訓練資料裡有輸入 x、輸出 ŷ(可視為標準答案),而測試資料僅有輸入而已,輸出則由訓練好的函式產生。 那這個函式可以如何找到呢?在機器學習或深度學習中,模型(model)的函式數量可說是成千上萬個,例如 $y = w*x + b$,至於 w 跟 b 為模型參數(parameters),若更動 w 與 b 代表的數字,函式也會跟著改變,因此我們需要在這麼多的函式中,找到一個最符合訓練資料的理想函式,好比說 (1,1)、(2,4)、(3,9)、(4,16)...你想到了嗎?沒錯,最符合這些資料的函式就是 $y = x^2$。 藉由人力一筆、一筆資料的比對,顯然不符合時間效益,所以讓機器看完所有的訓練資料後,自動學習並找到一個理想函式能夠描述訓練資料間的關係,也能夠在測試資料也就是過去訓練過程中沒看過的資料上預測出還不錯的結果,這就是機器學習的力量。 ## 對機器學習有基礎的認識後,再來是深度學習 上述第一部分「人工智慧、機器學習、深度學習之間的差異」,就已經淺談了深度學習的基本概念,在接下來文字中會說得更加詳細,並且解釋為何需要深度學習以及 Deep (多層、較深)跟 shallow (少層、較淺) 的不同之處。 深度學習,可以看做是端點-端點間學習(End-to-end learning),意思是說只需要一層 input layer 以及一層 output layer,而中間過程是由多層複雜結構(層數 ≥ 2)組合而成,稱作為 hidden layer,這樣層與層間的傳遞訊息被認為是模仿人類大腦中神經元的運作方式,即鼎鼎有名的神經網絡(Neural network, NN)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJzHTzyVC.png) ### 神經元(neuron)有什麼作用呢? 每一個神經元其實就是一個簡單的函式(function),更正確地來說叫做激活函式(activation function),常見的激活函式可以分為線性(linear)以及非線性(nonlinear),決定傳給下一個神經元的內容,例如在電路設計中,經由激活函式得到開(1)或關(0)的訊號。 ### 為何要做的多層(deep)的架構,淺層(shallow)難道不可以嗎? 讓我們一起來看這場對決 fat + short v.s. thin + tall,假設下方左圖與右圖使用了相同數量的神經元、相同的參數量(parameters),以結果來看,右圖的表現會比左圖來的更好,如果用較好理解的方式,可以想像成左圖僅用一層能展現的是線性能力 ex: 2*x,而右圖用多層架構能展現的是指數能力 ex: x^2,因此後者展現更多彈性以及表達能力,這也是現在許多人追求學習深度學習技術的原因之一。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1DFgmyER.png =100%x) ## 總結,機器學習以及深度學習初入門 人工智慧領域包含了機器學習與深度學習,目的是為了讓機器模仿人類的智慧,具有思考、學習和解決問題的能力,而機器學習是透過大量資料輸入到機器中,讓它能夠完成人類分派的任務,就好比是幼童在判斷猴子還是大象,也是看過了非常多次後,漸漸學會了辨別能力,最後是深度學習,使用多層的堆疊架構,讓不易用程式語言編寫或是極其複雜的任務,例如圍棋程式 AlphaGo 打敗世界頂尖棋手,能透過該技術獲得顯著的提升。 --- :::info 以上就是這篇文章「窺探機器學習以及深度學習領域」的所有內容,第一次看的人會花比較多時間消化吸收,這是很正常的事情,若有任何問題,歡迎在下方與我聯繫、討論,接下來也會繼續分享相關文章,敬請期待。 :::

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