04石謙信
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    # :exploding_head:理化筆記 > [name=04石謙信] > [color=#4284f7] ## 1-0 --- ### 一.七大基本物理量 1. 長度 ==m m^2^ m^3^== 2. 質量 ==kg== 3. 時間 ==s== 4. 溫度 ==K== 5. 電流 ==A==**安培** 6. 光強度==cd== **燭光** 7. 顆粒數==mole==**莫耳** ### 二.單位:k=x1000 m=x 1/1000 c=x1/100 -- 1. 長度 公厘==mm== 公分==cm== 公尺==m== 公里==km== 2. 面積 ==1m^2^=10000cm^2^== 3. 體積 公升==L== 毫升==mL== 公秉=1m^3^```=1000L 1L=1000mL``` 4. 質量 公斤==kg== 公克==g== 毫克==mg== ```1kg=1000g 1g=1000mg``` ## 1-1 --- ### 測量值 -- 1. 單位 2. 數字 1. 準確值-可以有很多位 2. 估計值-只能有一位==必為最後一位== =>最小刻度:儀器可準確到的最小單位 =>估計值的前一位及最小刻度 ``` 體 * 固體 *規則體:帶公式 柱體:底面積*高 積 *不規則體=> 1.排水法 2.重錘法 的 * 液體:量筒 測 量 * 氣體:氣體體積=容器體積 ``` ### ==排水法== -- 1. 物體體積=排開的液體體積 2. 和液體種類**無**關 ``` 量筒的使用: 1. 需平視液面中央 水:附著力強 水銀:內聚力強 ``` ## 1-2 | | 質量 | 重量 | | ---- |:---- | ---- | | 代號 | M | W | | 定義 | 物質總量 |所受的重力 | | 單位 | g kg mg | kgw gw | | 測量儀器 |天秤 ==失重無法用== | 彈簧秤 | | 大小 | 不隨地而變 | 隨地而變 | | 方向性 | x | 有,向下 | ``` 重力=萬有引力 地球引力=6*月球引力 ``` ## 1-3 ### ==定義:**單位體積內所含的質量**== >=>公式: **==D=M/V==** 1. D=密度 g/cm^3^ ==**克每立方公分**== 2. M=質量 g 3. V=體積 cm^3^ ### Example * 一塊50g的金屬,測其體積=20cm^3^,求D=? ==Ans:2.5 g/cm^3^== * 一塊20g的某物,丟入15ml的水中結果上升至25ml 求D? ==Ans:2 g/cm^3^== * 一個40cm^3^的某物,將其放在天平上,總共用去10g*2 5g*1 500mg*1 求D? ==Ans:40/25.5 g/cm^3^== ### 1. ==M固定,V D成反比===>M=V*D ex:1kg的鐵和棉花 棉花的V大 2. ==V固定,M D成正比===>M=**V***D ex:1m^3^的Iron 和 棉花,Iron的M大 3. ==D固定 M V成正比===>M=V***D** ex:10g water 和 20g 冰 ,20g冰的V大 ### ==混合密度== 混合D=混合M/混合V ``` ex1.38g 的黃金(D=19g/cm^3^)和40g的銀(D=10g/cm^3^)加起來D=? ``` **Ans: 38=19V V=2cm^3^ M=VD 40=10V V=4cm^3^38+40/6=13g/cm^3^** ``` ex2.15cm^3^的鋁(D=2g/cm^3^)和25cm^3^的鐵(D=8g/cm^3^)混合後D=? ``` **Ans:M/V=230/40=5.75g/cm^3^** ### 密度的意義: 1. **密度是純物質的特性,(同物質和環境下)** 2. 判斷浮沉: 浮體 D物<D液 液面下任何位置-->懸浮體 D物=D液 ,不碰到杯底 沉體 D物>D液 ## 2-2 ### ==濃度== 定義:==溶液中含有的溶質量== #### 1. ==重量百分濃度==(P%)(W%)=溶質重(g)/溶液重(g) *100% ex1.取10g食鹽配成50g食鹽水 P%=? 20% ex2.取10g糖,加入40g水中 P%=? 20% ex3.30%,500g食鹽水中,含有食鹽__g水__g A:150,350 ex4.欲配製30%,400g的食鹽水,須取__g食鹽進行配製 A:120 ##### 1. ==稀釋==,稀釋前後,溶質量不變 ex1.30g,200g糖水,加水50g P%=? A:24% ex2.30g,50g果汁加水250g P%=? A:5% ex3.20%,40g果汁,需稀釋成5%,須加水__g A:120 ##### 2. ==混合==: ex:10%,200g果汁和20%,400g果汁 混合後,P%= A:≒16.7% C~6~H~12~O~6~葡萄糖-->本氏液 藍->==紅橙黃綠== 澱粉-->碘液 黃褐-->==藍黑== #### 2.==體積百分濃度V%== =溶質V(mg)/溶液V(ml)•==100%== * 僅適用溶質和溶劑均為溶液者 ex.酒 ex1.4%,300ml的梅酒,含酒精__ml A:==12== ex2.500g,6%的酒,D=12g/cm^3^含__ml A:==15== ex3.欲配製75%,950ml酒精水溶液,須取酒精(95%)__ml A:==750== #### 3.==百萬分點濃度(ppm)== =溶質質量(mg)/溶液質量(kg)=溶質M(mg)/溶液V(l) * 主要用於==極稀薄溶液==~=1g/cm^3^中的微量物質 ex1.:一杯300ml的咖啡,上面標示咖啡因,含量為200ppm則此咖啡中含有多少咖啡因? x/0.3=200 ==x=60mg== ### ==溶解度== ex1.定溫下,100g水最多可溶解36g的食鹽。今在50g水中放入20g食鹽 1. 此時的鹽溶解度=? ==A:36g/100g水== 2. 此時的鹽濃度=? ==36/136•100%== 3. 有多少鹽溶於50g水中 A:==18g== ex2.已知25度C時,100g水最多可容某物質40g 1. 小安在25g水中放8g此物,則此時為__溶液 A:==未飽和== 2. 承上 濃度=? A:==8/33•100%===24.2%== 3. 承上 溶液的飽和濃度=40/140•100%===28.6%== 4. 承上 須再加__g才可達飽和 A:==2== ## 2-3 ### ==氧氣的製備== * 反應式:*雙氧水*--->氧氣+水 *過氧化氫* ==二氧化錳== 2H~2~O~2~--->O~2~+H~2~O ==M~n~O~2~== * 二氧化錳是黑粉末,當催化劑 =>M~n~O~2~有參與反應,但不被消耗 也不增加產率 * 檢驗O~2~:用線香-->燃燒更==強== * 因為 氧氣比空氣==重== * 所以 收集完的O~2~須==瓶口朝上==放置 ### ==CO~2~的製備== * 反應式:大理石+鹽酸-->二氧化碳+水+氯化鈣 碳酸鈣+氫氯酸 C~a~CO~3~+2HCI-->CO~2~+H~2~O+C~a~CI~2~ * 檢驗CO~2~:用澄清石灰水-->白色==碳酸鈣==沈澱 * CO~2~比空氣重,故瓶口須朝==上==放置 # :exploding_head:資優理化 ## 基本測量 1. 尺度因子 k=10^3^ 平 d=10^-1^分 c=10^-2^厘 m=10^-3^毫 µ=10^-6^微 n=10^-9^奈 2. 數字部分+單位部分 1. 數字部分=>科學概念 精確值+估計值 ``` 精確值:是可清楚由測量工具讀出(最小刻度) ``` ``` 估計值:讀取時自然產生(最小刻度下一位) ``` ## ==單位換算== 1. 數字照寫 2. 單位變更(參考尺度因子)==先不理次方== 3. 科學記號整理 ex. 3.24•10^-6^m^2^ =____mm^2^ 3.24•10^-6^m^2^•10^6^ (1m)^2^=(10^3^mm)^2^ 1m^2^=10^6^mm^2^ A:==3.24== ## :exploding_head:密度(pensity) 定義:緊密的程度

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