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    # 第一堂課,來說說Linux吧 ## 一,Linux到底是個啥? 光是這一點本身,其實就有一些爭議,下面就來釐清一下,順便了解Linux的架構。 ### 1.Linux還是GNU/Linux 我們平常所稱的作業系統「Linux」其實是可以劃分為三大部份: - Linux內核 - GNU軟體 - 其他自由或開源軟體,還有一些閉源的程式 Linux內核是整個作業系統的核心,負責管理軟體發出的資料I/O(輸入與輸出)。它會作為電腦上硬體與軟體的橋樑,將程式的要求轉譯為資料處理的指令並交由中央處理器(CPU)及電腦中其他電子元件進行處理,是現代作業系統中最基本的部分。 GNU軟體則包含了重要的Bash shell,核心工具組,C語言的GCC編譯器與一些函式庫,是系統裡不可或缺的重要骨幹。 而其他軟體則是構成Linux的各種用途的工具,包含了日常的應用程式以及窗口系統、系統守護行程和一些驅動程式。 可以發現,Linux核心並不是這個作業系統的全部,所以GNU的開發者與其支持者希望使用GNU/Linux這個名稱,認為可以良好概括它的主要內容。但這個名稱在Linux社群中並沒有得到一致認同。一些發行版社群例如Debian採用了GNU/Linux這一名稱,但許多Linux社群中的成員認為使用Linux這一名稱是更好的,為此提出了數項理由,主張Linux這個名稱朗朗上口,且在公眾與媒體中更為通用。 ### 2.所以Linux有什麼用? 除了當個人的作業系統外,Linux還作為伺服器,以及幾乎其他所有物連網、網際網路、其他雜七雜八的東西中的主要作業系統,並且在這方面可以說是主宰著市場。包含了世界上大部分的網站,前500台最強的超級電腦,你家裡的Android手機,不知道什麼牌子的路由器,電視機上盒,[甚至你家的車子上面大概都跑著Linux](https://www.automotivelinux.org/)。並且,由於開元社群的不懈研發,Linux也一直在進步著,相信總有一天能超越一直躺在那邊不動的Windows 10吧。 ![image alt](https://venturebeat.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/os-market-share-august-2019.png?resize=1024%2C677&strip=all?w=1536&strip=all) ### 3.所以學Linux有什麼用? 目前在個人的作業系統方面Linux的市占率很小,而這一次的課程又是針對這方面的,那學這個到底是有什麼屁用呢? 針對這方面的回答是:雖然市占率很小,Linux其實是一個比Windows更優越的作業系統(實際上唯一輸的地方就是太少人用所以有些軟體沒Linux版,如Adobe系列)而且更是自由軟體的大本營。這不僅代表你不用花錢買系統,上面的程式也絕大多數都會是免費的,而且不用擔心被盜個資。 除了能讓你日常電腦使用更順暢外,你學到的之是在你哪一天想概個伺服器時也會很有用,總結一下就是: **學好Linux,學好未來人生** ## 二,Linux vs Windows 在網路上可以找到許多Linux和Windows設計上不同的技術細節,不過這不是這裡要探討的部份。既然人們說Linux其實是一個比Windows更優越的作業系統,那它就應該作到連一個技術小白都能用Linux用的比Windows更爽。在一般人眼中看來,一個好的作業系統無非就是要做好以下幾點: - 看起來好看 - 用起來方便 - 好用的軟體多 - 好玩的遊戲多 - 支持的軟硬體多 - 不會常常中毒 - 不會常常當機 那我們就來針對各點比較一下吧! ### 看起來好看,用起來方便 相對於Windows永遠看起來就是那樣子,linux允許使用者安裝並客製化各種不同的桌面環境,絕對能符合不同受眾的需要。 ![image alt](https://www.startpage.com/av/proxy-image?piurl=https%3A%2F%2F46c4ts1tskv22sdav81j9c69-wpengine.netdna-ssl.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2017%2F06%2F8c2133bc59b7dea5a6fb40725fe9e4dc.jpg&sp=1615735758T6f668db36c62b28a4ef981388b92d968530352b53c71588030913cd040cb173d) windows ![image alt](https://www.startpage.com/av/proxy-image?piurl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gnome.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2020%2F12%2Fwgo-splash-338.png&sp=1615735836Tb572a7c89fe43a80a66f35894f8e9ed2fcb31f1cb75cb3c5344f65d5dcdeda7d)gnome ![image alt](https://www.startpage.com/av/proxy-image?piurl=https%3A%2F%2Fkde.org%2Fannouncements%2Fplasma%2F5%2F5.20.90%2F1.jpg&sp=1615735929Tef7577dda201ba5230b34f5c71f5c2c4d1eb3fcb97c4e18834714f9e50ff8f69)kde plasma ### 好用的軟體多 如前所述,linux上面的程式也絕大多數都會是免費的自由軟體,在保證高品質的同時也不用擔心像免費版被盜個資。這也代表linux上你不用去盜版軟體然後中毒,也不用被高額訂閱費吸血。 ### 好玩的遊戲多 支持的軟硬體多 這就是linux不如windows的地方了。雖然這幾年steam透過proton使的[大量window遊戲](https://www.protondb.com/)可以在windows上面遊玩,但比起windows本身遊戲的數量還是有少。 軟體的方面linux主要缺的就是adobe系列和office系列,不過他們都有很棒的替代品了。 而硬體的方面在經年累月後兩邊已經差不多了,不過windows大概還是強一點。 ### 不會常常中毒 除了本身使用的方式和習慣外,造成個人系統方面linux病毒基本絕跡的原因是用linux的人比例太小了,開發病毒選windows能賺比較多錢。 ### 不會常常當機 linux會成為架伺服器的首選就是因為它出色的穩定性,所以你可以跟影片放到一半時跳出來的,不知道問題出在哪的藍屏說再見了。 ![image alt](https://www.startpage.com/av/proxy-image?piurl=https%3A%2F%2Fpic.pimg.tw%2Fofeyhong%2F1510732658-3299834471.jpg&sp=1615737119T873a48e379a4bdff1abc0bf26467d2dcaccba30fd836cdc)

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