數學困擾我好久
    • Create new note
    • Create a note from template
      • Sharing URL Link copied
      • /edit
      • View mode
        • Edit mode
        • View mode
        • Book mode
        • Slide mode
        Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
      • Customize slides
      • Note Permission
      • Read
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Write
        • Only me
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
        Only me Signed-in users Everyone
      • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
    • Invite by email
      Invitee

      This note has no invitees

    • Publish Note

      Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

      Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
      Your note is now live.
      This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
      Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
      See published notes
      Unpublish note
      Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
      View profile
    • Commenting
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
      • Everyone
    • Suggest edit
      Permission
      Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    • Enable
    • Permission
      • Forbidden
      • Owners
      • Signed-in users
    • Emoji Reply
    • Enable
    • Versions and GitHub Sync
    • Note settings
    • Note Insights New
    • Engagement control
    • Make a copy
    • Transfer ownership
    • Delete this note
    • Save as template
    • Insert from template
    • Import from
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
      • Clipboard
    • Export to
      • Dropbox
      • Google Drive
      • Gist
    • Download
      • Markdown
      • HTML
      • Raw HTML
Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Create Help
Create Create new note Create a note from template
Menu
Options
Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
Import from
Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
Export to
Dropbox Google Drive Gist
Download
Markdown HTML Raw HTML
Back
Sharing URL Link copied
/edit
View mode
  • Edit mode
  • View mode
  • Book mode
  • Slide mode
Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
Customize slides
Note Permission
Read
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Write
Only me
  • Only me
  • Signed-in users
  • Everyone
Only me Signed-in users Everyone
Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    # General Astronomy > 普通天文學 藍鼎文 > 台大物理系 選修 > 修課年度:112-2 [TOC] ## General Astronomy Week 8 ### 星系統計性質 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJT2Ab54A.png =60%x) - left:showing distance measurements relative to the ΛCDM model - Different Panels (BGS, LRG, ELG, Lya):represent different surveys use in the measurement - right:depicting constraints of the dark energy parameters $w_0$ and $w_a$ - $w_a$:describes the evolution of dark energy equation of state parameter with redshift - $w_0$:the present-day value of the dark energy equation of state parameter - $w_0 = -1$ and $w_a = 0$ corresponds to the ΛCDM model The Malmquist bias:比較小、比較暗的星系不是不存在,只是實驗設計無法觀測到 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyvQ-G5E0.png =60%x) > x-axis:the log of the stellar mass of galaxies > y-axis:the log of the number density of galaxies - shows that the number density of galaxies decreases as stellar mass increases - 了解不同時期的星系演化,解釋特定星系有多少 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1AZNf54R.png =60%x) - SFG形成星系數量多,PG形成星系數量低 (SFR) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkadNf5VA.png =60%x) - 大質量金屬多 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r18gHMqN0.png =40%x) - 愈亮星系中心黑洞越大 #### 測量星系恆星質量和暗物質質量 Strong Lensing ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJm6Uz9N0.png =30%x) - 能夠測量近星系中心的質量 - 但 Dark matter 分佈較廣,不能用 Weak Lensing ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sk5iIz5VC.png =60%x) - 把背景放到非一直線的位置,扭曲一點點 - 無法透過單一星系測量 - 需要知道原本星系的樣子,需要大量數據分析 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryQUvzqVR.png =60%x) > x-axis:projected radius which represents the distance from the center of the dark matter halos > y-axis:the surface mass density contrast, which is the difference the mean surface density inside a radius and the surface fensity at the radius - the magenta triangles show the observed data, the theoretical curves represent different models of **dark matter distribution** #### Missing Baryon Problem ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sk1yFMcN0.png =60%x) - 應該是一個 constant = -0.7,少了20倍的基本物質 $\rightarrow$ Missing Baryon Problem (if ΛCDM model is correct) ### 星系形成與演化概述 #### Prediction - 宇宙初始條件:Cosmology ΛCDM model - 由重力構成大尺度結構 - Baryon Evolution:可使用流體力學公式模擬 - 氣體冷卻物理機制: ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryKzfpHEC.png) > 1. free-free:電子有加速度產生 radiation $\rightarrow$ 電子能量下降、速度下降、氣體冷卻 > 2. free-bound:電子與離子重新結合,binding energy and free electron's kinectic energy radiates away > 3. bound-free:電子撞到原本在能階上的電子 > 4. bound-bound:跳能階 #### 回饋機制 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJh4fTHNA.png =70%x) Problem:太多氣體冷卻在星系中形成恆星 Solution:Feedback mechanisms - 大質量恆星爆炸 ($10^{11} cm$) - 主要影響大質量 (EAGLE simulation) - SMBH活動 ($10^{11} cm$ for $10^6 M_{\odot}$) - 主要影響小質量 (EAGLE simulation) - 不同模型可以產生一樣的結果 (degeneracy) > 現在技術只能用簡單模型模擬回饋機制可能的影響 > 現在星系模擬解析度 **$\approx 10^{21}\ cm (1kpc)$** > $1\ kpc = 3*10^{21}\ cm$ #### SFG演化成PG ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By5m_6S40.png) > 單獨兩個星系 $\rightarrow$ 合併 $\rightarrow$ 大量氣體流入,SMBH活躍,氣體排出 (jet) $\rightarrow$ 沒有氣體,形成橢圓星系 ## General Astronomy Week 9 強重力透鏡效率 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkJwgimz0.png =50%x) $\theta_E=(\frac{4GM}{c^2}\frac{D_{ls}}{D_{ol}D_{os}})^{\frac{1}{2}}$ 透鏡截面積 $\propto(\theta_E*D_{ol})^2$ 最大值在$D_{ls}=D_{ol}$ ### 陳雙雙助教分享:Cooling flow 解決核心過冷不能持續產生氣體問題 Radiative cooling - cooling rate $\frac{dP}{dt} \propto \rho^2$ - 核心溫度低,密度高 $\rightarrow$ 核心熵低 Cooling flow problem - 冷卻速率太快 - SFR比預期更低 - Cooling catastrophe:核心entropy過低 - Merger:氣體混合會加熱,只能暫時解決,merger完後會繼續冷卻 - Feedback from active galactic nuclei (AGN):SMBH進行吸積和反饋形成明亮AGN,可調節星系演化。在單一星系團可以解決cooling flow problem - accretion:物質掉入BH前形成的吸積盤 - feedback:帶電粒子形成jet噴出 - self regulation,形成duty cycle調節 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJrnMnrVC.png =60%x) - 虛線是碰撞的時間點 - merger完成後沒有feedback與有feedback會差很多 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryldEnBEA.png =80%x) #### Simulation Parallel Computation - OpenMP 同個電腦平行 - MPI 不同電腦間的平行 - GPU 加速 Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) - 重要的地方,時間/空間的解析度越高 AGN模擬:以particles代表SMBH,計算accretion rate和injection rate,更新網格點上的流體變數 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJAo4nrEA.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkinNnr4R.png =60%x) ### 恆星光譜觀測性質 #### Balmer Series 產生條件:需要有電子在n=2,溫度在特定範圍 Balmer series absorption line 是氫的特徵線,可以幫助確定氫在恆星中的豐度 > 其他物質也可用相同方法測定 #### 恆星體積 $L=4\pi r^2 \sigma T^4$ (Stefan-Boltzmann law) #### 恆星質量 - Visual binary 雙星系統 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1aJppSEA.png =80%x) - Kepler's 3rd law:$P^2 = \frac{4\pi^2 a^3}{G(M_1 + M_2)}$ $\rightarrow$ 算出系統全部質量 - $a_2 * M_2 = a_1 * M_1$ $\rightarrow$ 量出各自質量 > 前提是雙星距離夠遠能夠解析軌道 - Spectroscopic binary ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByeR26BVR.png) - 透過恆星光譜吸收線隨時間的波長變化推出相對速度 - $|v_2|*M_2=|v_1|*M_1$ - limit:軌道傾角未知,只能推出一定範圍 - Eclipsing binary ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkaDTarE0.png =40%x) - $R_1 + R_2 \propto (T_4-T_1)$ $R_1 - R_2 \propto (T_3-T_2)$ $\rightarrow$ 得出恆星半徑 ## General Astronomy Week 10 ### HR diagram ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sk4czs7zC.png =40%x) > 觀察表層溫度及觀測亮度+距離 (parallax)得出luminosity > 形成光度相對於顏色的赫羅圖 > $L=4\pi r^2\sigma T^4$ > 形成三區段:main sequence, red giants, white dwarfs > HR diagram 上的斜線表示大小相同 - 利用HR diagram 分析恆星團年齡及演化 - 順序:主序星 $\rightarrow$ 紅巨星 $\rightarrow$ 白矮星 ### 恆星發光 1850 發光能量由重力位能而來 - $dU = -G\frac{m(r)m_{shell}}{r} = -\frac{16}{3}G\pi^2 \rho^2 r^4 dr$, where $m_{shell} = 4\pi r^2 \rho dr$ $U = -\frac{16}{3}G\pi^2 \rho^2 \int^R_{0} r^4 dr$ $U = -\frac{3}{5}G\frac{M^2}{R}$, where $\rho = \frac{M}{\frac{4\pi R^3}{3}}$ 假設前期半徑為$R_0$,因重力收縮到$R$ $\Delta U = -\frac{3GM^2}{5}(\frac{1}{R_0}-\frac{1}{R}) \approx \frac{3GM^2}{5R}$ 但相對應太陽年齡:$T_{KH}=\frac{GM^2}{RL} \approx 10 Myrs$ 太短 1920 Thermonuclear fusion 核融合 - 太陽大部分的質量集中在中心$\frac{R}{R_s}=0.2$,$\rho = 50$,$\frac{M}{M_s}=0.5$ - 在非常高溫氫是被游離的,由質子和電子飛來飛去 (產生壓力抵抗重力) - 利用Quantum Tunneling克服電磁力互斥 + 交互作用機率,機率 $\approx 10^{-28}$ - p-p chain:$4H \rightarrow He + energy$,$E=0.7$%$m(4p)c^2$ (Mass-energy conversion efficiency 0.7%) ### 恆星基本結構 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1yWqQ5VR.png =40%x) - 高溫高壓恆星核心促使核融合反應,提供能量維持平衡 - 太陽核心密度 $\approx 160\ g/cm^3$,具有鉛保護層 (鉛密度 $\approx 11\ g/cm^3$) 阻擋X-ray - 光子飛很短就會與電子交互作用 ($\approx 1\ mm$) $\rightarrow$ Thomson scattering - 從太陽核心到表面需要 $\approx 50000\ yr$ - Radiative diffusion:太陽部分結構能量交換 - 透過光子移動將能量往外帶 - 外圍溫度較低,有一些非游離態粒子更容易吸收光子,使光子傳播更困難 - Convective zone 氣體對流:溫度高往外浮,能量往外帶 #### 了解太陽內部結構 - Helio-seismology 日震學 - 利用地震波觀測譜線速度隨時間變化,透過震盪模式反推內部結構 - Neutrinos 微中子 - 基本粒子,與其他粒子作用力很弱 - 核融合會產生微中子,但因為不與其他粒子交互作用,可以直接飛離太陽核心 - Homestake experiment (40萬公升的四氯乙烯偵測 neutrino) - 比理論預期少60% $\rightarrow$ Solar neutrino problem - 結構模型不準確及對微中子了解不夠 - 太陽微中子有三種,electron、muon、tau - 核融合只產生 electron neutrinos,但electron neutrinos 會轉換成 muon 和 tau neutrinos - 早期只能偵測到electron neutrinos - 現在有 Super-Kamiokande 和 Sudvury Neutrino observatory,解決太陽微中子問題 ### 恆星壽命估算 $E = fMc^2$ where $E$是核融合能量,$f = 0.7$% $L = m^{\alpha}$ from the Mass-Luminosity diagram and $\alpha \approx 3.5$ $L*t=E$ $t=\frac{fMc^2}{L}$ $t \propto \frac{M}{L}$ $t \propto \frac{M}{N^{3.5}} = \frac{1}{M^{2.5}}$ ### 恆星演化 ![Untitled Notebook-1](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk3ITEcER.jpg) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJ19aV9EC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1DV0E5E0.png =60%x) #### 大質量恆星演化 因為溫度、密度夠高才可以繼續核融合C、O、Ne... ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJk2T494R.png =60%x) 最後鐵核由電子 degeneracy pressure 抵抗重力,但壓力太大,電子和質子結合變成中子 電子degeneracy pressure 消失,系統崩塌 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByVZCVc4C.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJUfCNcVC.png =60%x) > have constant luminosity #### 造父變星 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJDmmr5V0.png =60%x) #### Supernova - 如何系統性找到 Supernova $\rightarrow$ Rubin Observatory - 爆炸前會先偵測到neutrino (只有很近的可以這樣) White Dwarf - 白矮星周圍氣體吸積盤溫度高到能產生核融合反應 (只是偶爾亮一下) - 當白矮星質量大於$1.44\ M_{sun}$ (Chandrasekhar limit),電子簡併態壓力無法再支撐重力,重力塌陷 $\rightarrow$ Supernova ## General Astronomy Week 11 在考慮天體內部結構時,氣體性質是可壓縮流體 (密度會隨壓力改變) ### 恆星的死亡 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJ9kEB540.png) White dwarf: - Temp high, but mass low $\rightarrow$ Luminosity low Neutron star (pulsar): - discovered by Jocelyn Bell - pulsar 是快速旋轉的中子星訊號 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1BsrS54C.png =30%x) - crab nebula 中的 pulsar 可以當證據是因為 - 與超新星爆炸的遺骸有關 - 需要有特定大小的pulsar使其不被甩出去 - binary pulsar ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SydxLrqNC.png =30%x) - 有加速度就會產生重力波 $\rightarrow$ 損失能量 (重力波帶走) - 廣義相對論預測,損失能量 $\rightarrow$ 碰撞 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hk3QwHqVA.png =60%x) Black Hole - 最初動能 = 脫離系統重力位能 $\frac{1}{2} mv_{escape}^2 = \frac{GMm}{r}$ $v_{escape} = c$ $r_s = \frac{2GM}{c^2}$, where $r_s$ is the Schwarzchild radius - 如果有一個系統質量$M$集中於$r_s$內,光子無法脫離該系統 $\rightarrow$ Event Horizon ### 恆星質量黑洞發現 X-ray binary - Cygnus X-1 是最早發現的黑洞 - 產生吸積盤吸收 gas,溫度上升 $\rightarrow$ X-ray emission - 透過光譜 Doppler effect 可以估算系統質量,但只有一個範圍因為不知道雙星系統面對地球的傾斜角 - 知道傾斜角需用 eclipse 直接偵測重力波 - LIGO ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJvGqrqVR.png) - 重力波效應改變長度為 $10^{-18}\ m$ - 時間差原因:地理位置差異 - 也偵測到中子星中子星合併 - 黑洞 merge $\rightarrow$ 訊號消失 - 中子星 merge $\rightarrow$ 訊號 explode ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkjxiSqEC.png =60%x) 直接看 Event Horizon Telescope - 銀河系中心黑洞雖然比較近但比較難研究是因為變化速度快,有較多圖片需處理 重力波和黑洞都符合廣義相對論 > 現在問題:沒有人偵測到中等質量的黑洞 ### 恆星的形成 - 1 #### 多波段天文觀測 中性氫 ($HI$) - 電波21cm譜線 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hkh9hr5V0.png =60%x) 氫分子 ($H_2$) - CO微波訊號 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyWq2SqE0.png =60%x) - Molecular clouds 分子雲 (高密度、溫度低,是恆星形成的地方) #### 恆星誕生條件 重力 > 熱壓力, 系統就會重力塌縮 $M_{Jeans} = 18M_{\odot}\sqrt{\frac{T^3}{n}}$ Milky Way molecular clouds $T \approx 30K$, $n \approx 300$ Milky Way $M_{Jeans} \approx 180 M_{\odot}$ 氣體冷卻機制: - 重力塌縮產生的熱能激發分子轉動和震動的量子能階,使光子脫離系統 - 在塌陷過程中,氣體保持低溫,使重力 > 熱壓力 - 密度越高,滿足塌陷所需質量愈低,一大團氣體 $\rightarrow$ 很多小團塌縮氣體 > 實際上還有其他壓力來源抵抗重力塌陷,如:turbulent flow 亂流、magnetic field 磁場 > 有時還會需要外力驅使重力塌陷 密度高到一定程度,光子無法脫離系統 熱能被保留在系統,氣體壓力開始減緩重力塌縮 系統溫度和壓力上升 $\rightarrow$ Protostar (觀測上像恆星,但能量來源非核融合) 核融合產生:系統持續一擊質量,內部溫度持續上升 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkSIhj9EA.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bk9t2s54C.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByIHaj9NR.png =60%x) ## General Astronomy Week 12 ### 白洞/極光 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1pM_j9V0.png =30%x) > 物質和能量會從白洞出現 極光顏色與放射線有關 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkZdOicEC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1lK_oqEC.png =30%x) 太陽黑子為11年一個週期 瓦斯火焰是藍色是因燃燒氣體 $CH_4$ 的放射線是藍色 ### 恆星形成 - 2 嚴士偉博士 找重力 > 熱壓力的氣體團,密度大,會遮蔽後面恆星 把灰塵去除 - 使用電波波段觀測塵埃的熱輻射 在低溫高密度的氣體團,要**觀測分子豐度低的分子發射譜線** (要觀測內部) > 內部密度較高,分子豐度一點就好 - Bonnor-Ebert Sphere (New model) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyuA0s9NC.png =60%x) - 恆星被塵埃消光程度 $\approx$ 密度 - Inside-out collapse ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sk8wyh9EC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJl31h9VA.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ry1xZh5V0.png =60%x) - 均勻密度氣體團是 Outside-in collapse - 物質塌縮速率約是每年百萬分之一太陽質量,約花一百萬時間形成一個太陽 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkqXf254C.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJTP-3qEC.png =60%x) > 總能 = 0 拋物線、總能 > 0 橢圓、總能 < 0 雙曲線 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByEnbhcEC.png =60%x) > 理論的兩條線是不同視角 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJLyG25NC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyLgX2qV0.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Hkcb735V0.png =60%x) > 旋轉不夠快、塌縮被減速 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyUImn5VC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Byk_Q29VA.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJUnQ39N0.png =60%x) > 大多數恆星是結伴而生 ### 行星誕生 - 太陽系 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r15Mw35ER.png =80%x) 1781 發現天王星 1845 根據牛頓萬有引力定律預測海王星 (天王星繞太陽一週約84年) 1846 發現海王星 1930 發現冥王星 - 需知道質量才能用Kepler推週期和距離 $\rightarrow$ $0.2\ M_{Earth}$ - Pluto質量太小不足以解釋海王星軌道擾動 2005 Eris 鬩神星 $M \approx 1.3\ M_{Pluto}$ 2006 Pluto 被降為矮行星 太陽系性質: - 有兩類行星 - 行星都繞太陽轉,且幾乎在同一平面 - 有小行星和彗星 - 在外圍有 Kuiper Beilt,在火星和木星間有 Asteriod belt 小行星帶,還有 Oort cloud 例外: - 天王星自轉軸跟周轉軸角度差 - 地球的衛星很大 > 解釋:撞出來的 ## General Astronomy Week 13 ### 封錦童助教研究分享:Probing the CircumGalactic Medium of Green Valley Galaxies #### 介紹GVG和CGM Green Valley Galaxies 是正在從SFG變成PG的星系 - 可進行氣體性質、分佈的研究 Circumgalactic Medium (CGM) 環繞星際物質 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1ZTA3qN0.png =60%x) > 可知道氣體分佈及運動 - 主要是指星系之外,受到重力束縛的距離之內的氣體 - 可以補充恆星生成時消耗的氣體,也可以用來觀測星系的回饋機制 - High temp $\rightarrow$ Collisional Ionization, Low temp $\rightarrow$ Photoionization - CGM is multiphase and almost transparent #### 觀測CGM 用星系自己的光來偵測吸收線 - 好處:could study inflow and outflow - 壞處:星系有時比較暗 (low signal/noise)、較難提供氣體空間位置資訊 找到一個遠景Quasar使用其背景光源偵測CGM ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1sDx694C.png =60%x) - 分析Quasar光譜內吸收線,吸收線的等效寬度可以用來研究氣體含量 - 好處:提供較多氣體空間分布資訊、Quasar很亮,能夠偵測微弱訊號 - 壞處:Configuration不容易找到 尋找GVG ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJUbbTqVC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1nMZTc4C.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkUkzp9V0.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1Grb65VR.png =60%x) ### 行星形成 剛開始只有ㄧ團盤狀氣體,需要有氣體凝結成固體 (Condensation),開始透過重力吸積周圍質量 只要溫度低到一定程度,最開始是透過靜電力結合在一起 溫度低,加上氫化物形成的冰 溫度高,只有石頭和金屬 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Skgech9NC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryNeZ2bEC.png =60%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJ2r92c4R.png =60%x) 小行星和彗星就是剩下無法形成行星的小質量天體 恆星輻射和恆星風將盤上的氣體吹走 地球上有水 $\rightarrow$ 可能是從外面帶來的 Habitable Zone:不同種的行星的 habital zone 不同,與恆星距離有關 - using JWST to observe exoplanet's atomosphere formation ## General Astronomy Week 14 CCD:有很多pixel,光子打進出變電子再轉換 CMOS:感光元件可以各自讀取變成訊號 CCD的sensitivity比較高,所以現在大多天文望遠鏡還在用CCD ### 系外行星 #### 如何偵測: - 透過行星重力效應: - Astrometry:可觀測週期、軌道、恆星的速度 - Radial Velocity:可觀測週期、軌道、(部分) 恆星的速度 - Microlensing - 非重力方法: - Transit:可觀測到週期、行星大小、大氣組成 - Direct Imaging:需把恆星光擋起來,可看到週期、軌道、顏色、光譜 > Transit > Radial Velocity > Microlensing > Imaging > Astrometry ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H15As39NC.png =80%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Sk3JnhcNR.png =80%x) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Syje229ER.png =80%x) Correction:太陽系直心不一定在太陽半徑內,看木星土星繞太陽的距離 > orbit the Solar System's center of mass (Barycenter) Combined tragectory = proper motion 恆星本身移動 + parallax 視差 + reflex motion 恆星和質心的相對運動 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1VJohS40.png =80%x) $\theta \approx 5*10^{-4}\ arcsec$ 利用 Gaia 偵測 exoplanets $a_p$ 大 $\rightarrow$ 週期很長,距離很遠越難觀測 > 前幾個是用 pulsar,之後接著是 radio velocity 主要是 transit 和 radio velocity 51 Pegasi b:the first discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star - using radio velocity - mass $\approx$ Jupiter,Orbit < Mercury Oribt ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJH9YhWVC.png =60%x) > 為什麼會這樣分佈? > 與偵測方法有關,現在技術無法觀測 selection bias > Hot Jupiter:離恆星很近,溫度高的類木行星 ### 未來天文學發展 - 了解恆星內部結構 - 表層氣體流動紅移藍移 - 觀測恆星亮度隨時間變化 - 恆星死亡產物 (白矮星、中子星、黑洞) - 多波段重力波 - 雙星或多星系統演化 - 系外行星大氣組成 - Hubble & JWST 觀測數量差距 - 新觀測技術和波段提供天文新發現 - X-ray:恆星質量的黑洞 - 無線電波:pulsar - 自適應光學:銀河系黑洞 - 重力波:黑洞合併 - 微中子:恆星核融合反應 - 暗能量到底是不是宇宙常數? 巡天計畫、BAO、CMB... - 與$\lambda CDM$差一點 - 宇宙學暗物質暗能量 - 觀測CMB了解宇宙暴漲 - New Messenger:Neutrino Signal、Gravitational Waves - 光時域觀測 (觀測動態天體) - Cosmic Ecosystems - 可見光:麥哲倫計畫 - CMB4 - New Radio Telescope (Ground) - UV波段新望遠鏡 (Space) 現在只有Hubble ### 黃宇文助教分享:DESI Baryon Acoustic Oscillations (BAO) - They form from initial density perturbations in the early universe expanding out like sound waves Bright Galaxy (0-0.4 紅移) - 近,亮 Luminous red galaxy (0.4-1.1 紅移) - 質量大,亮;不在行程恆星,紅 Emission line galaxy (0.6-1.6 紅移) - 較遠,較暗;形成恆星中,藍 Quasar (0-3 紅移) - 中紅外波段的顏色與一般星系不同 具有 g, r, z濾鏡 SDSS只能看到400萬筆資料,而DESI能看到4000萬 DESI矮星系 (0.02 < z < 0.1) - 近,暗 金屬豐度 - 金屬豐度與溫度成反比

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password

    or

    By clicking below, you agree to our terms of service.

    Sign in via Facebook Sign in via Twitter Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully