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    --- title: CCNA 200-301 source: https://www.flag.com.tw/books/product/F0170 --- # CCNA Chap.1 ## 網域 Domain | 種類 | 英文 | 被何種設備切割 | | -------- | ---------------- |:----------------------:| | 碰撞網域 | Collision Domain | Switch、Bridge、Router | | 廣播網域 | Broadcast Domain | Router | :::info LAN交通壅塞的原因: 1. 廣播網域**太多主機** 2. 廣播風暴 3. 太多的多點傳播(multicast) 4. 低頻寬 5. 大量的ARP廣播 ::: ## 網路模型 ### 開放系統互連(OSI, Open Systems Interconnection) > 由ISO建立的網路參考模型,提通各系統間網路傳輸的一個通訊標準。 > 下面由低到高 1. 實體層(Physcial Layer) 2. 資料鏈階層(Data Link Layer) 3. 網路層(Network Layer) 4. 傳輸層(Transport Layer) 5. 會話層(Session Layer) 6. 表現層(Presentation Layer) 7. 應用層(Application Layer) ### 應用層 - 提供各種服務給使用者與下層溝通的介面 --- ### 表現層 - 負責資料的轉換及編碼格式 --- ### 會話層 - 建立、管理、解除會談,提供裝置間的對話控制 - 模式:單工(simplex)、半雙工(half-duplex)、全雙工(full-duplex) --- ### 傳輸層 - 進行資料的切割與重組 - 提供終端對終端的資料傳輸服務(主機與主機間的邏輯連線) - 連線模式:TCP/UDP | Mode | 連接模式 | | ---- |:------------:| | TCP | 連線導向式 | | UDP | 非連線導向式 | - 連線導向式滿足條件 - 建立虛擬電路 - 使用封包順序 - 運用確認機制 - 進行流量控制 #### TCP - **三段式握手(3-way Handshake)** ```sequence Title: TCP Handshake Note left of Host A: A發出請求給B,\n以進行同步 Host A->Host B:SYN Note right of Host B: B收到後回覆A一個ACK。\n請A給B一個SYN序號 Host B->Host A:SYN/ACK Note left of Host A: 用來告知B連線已被接受。\nACK給B Host A->Host B:ACK Note over Host A, Host B:建立連線 Host A --> Host B:傳輸資料 ``` - 流量控制 - 目的端接收到後,會回傳ACK給傳輸端 - 沒有收到的封包,會通知傳送端重新傳 - 資料段抵達目的端會按順序排列 - 視窗機制(Windows) ```sequence Title: Windows Note over Host A, Host B:視窗大小:1 Host A->Host B:SYN 1 Host B->Host A:ACK 1 Note over Host A, Host B:視窗大小:3 Note left of Host A: Transmit #1~#3 Host A-> Host B:SYN 1 Host A-> Host B:SYN 2 Host A-> Host B:SYN 3 Note right of Host B: Respond #1~#3 Host B->Host A:ACK 4 ``` :::warning 視窗大小會隨著通訊流暢度改變大小,以保持流暢的通訊。 ::: - 確認機制 ```sequence Title: Reliable Transmit Note over Host A, Host B:視窗大小:3 Note left of Host A: Transmit #1~#3 Host A-> Host B:SYN 1 Host A-> Host B:SYN 2 Host A-> Host B:SYN 3 Note right of Host B: Respond #1~#3 Host B->Host A:ACK 4 Note left of Host A: Transmit #4~#6 Host A-> Host B:SYN 4 Host A-> Host B:SYN 5(lost) Note over Host B: #5 逾時遺失 Host A-> Host B:SYN 6 Host B->Host A:ACK 5 Note over Host A: #5 重傳 Host A-> Host B:SYN 5 Host A-> Host B:SYN 7 Host A-> Host B:SYN 8 ``` --- ### 網路層 - 負責管理裝置的定址,追蹤網際網路裝置的位置,決定如何移動資料的最佳方式 - 代表設備:路由器 - 封包種類: - 資料封包(Data Packet):一般的資料封包。 - 路由更新封包(Route Update Packet):用來協助路由器建立與維護路徑表。 #### 路由器運作 1. 接收封包,檢查目標IP 2. 比對路由表 3. 將封包封裝承訓框,從對應的IP介面離開 > [color=red] 若找不到目標IP相關路徑時,會直接丟棄。 #### 路由器相關重點 1. 預設不會轉送任何的廣播(Broadcast)或多點(Multicast)傳播封包 2. 會使用網路層標頭中的邏輯位置,決定下個轉送站 3. 會使用管理者建立的存取清單(ACL),以控制進出介面的封包 4. 視需要可提供L2的功能,並過相同介面進行遶送 5. L3可提供VLAN間的連線 6. 可以提供QoS給特定類型的網路交通 --- ### 資料鏈階層 - 提供實體的資料傳輸 - 處理錯誤通知 - 網路拓樸 - 流量控制 - 傳輸單位:**資料訊框(Date Frame)** - 子層: - 媒介存取控制層(MAC) - IEEE802.3 - 定義如何將封包放入傳遞媒介中 - EX:實體位置,邏輯拓樸 - FIFO模式 - 邏輯鏈結控制層(LLC): - 辨識網路層協定,並進行封裝 - 代表設備:交換器、橋接器 #### Switch、Bridge運作流程 1. 讀取訊框 2. 將來源MAC放入比對表中比對,判斷該訊框要從哪個介面轉送出去 3. 交給目的端 --- ### 實體層 - 處理位元(bit),0/1。 - 拓樸 - 匯流排拓樸 - 環狀拓樸 - 星狀拓樸 - 網狀拓樸

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