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    # 電學概論筆記 ## ✨ 原子結構 🧬 構成物質的基本粒子,有三種: * 質子(正電)🔴 * 中子(中性)⚪️ * 電子(負電)🔵 | 粒子名稱 | 電性 | 電量 (C) | 質量 (kg) | | ---- | -- | ------------ | -------------- | | 質子 | + | 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 1.6729 × 10⁻²⁷ | | 中子 | 0 | 0 | 1.6729 × 10⁻²⁷ | | 電子 | − | -1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ | 9.107 × 10⁻³¹ | --- ## 📦 常用單位簡表(SI制 vs 靜電制) | 物理量 | SI單位 | 靜電單位 | | --- | ---- | ---- | | 電荷 | C | esu | | 電壓 | V | 靜電伏特 | | 電流 | A | 靜電安培 | | 電阻 | Ω | 靜電歐姆 | | 電容 | F | 靜電法拉 | | 電感 | H | 靜電亨利 | | 電能 | J | erg | | 功率 | W | 靜電瓦特 | --- ## ⚡ 能量(Energy) 📌 **定義**:能量是物體做功的能力 📌 **單位**: * SI制:焦耳(J) * CGS:爾格(erg) 📌 **換算**: * 1 J = 10⁷ erg * 1 J = 1 C × 1 V = 1 W × 1 s 📌 **公式**: * W = F × d(力 × 距離) --- ## 🧲 電荷(Q) 📌 **定義**:帶電物體內的基本電荷總數 📌 **基本公式**: * Q = N × e * N = 基本電荷數量 * e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C 📌 **換算**: * 1 e = 1.6 × 10⁻¹⁹ C * 1 C ≈ 6.25 × 10¹⁸ 個電子 --- ## 🔌 電壓(V 或 U) 📌 **定義**:單位正電荷所具有的能量差(電位差) 📌 **單位**:伏特(V) 📌 **公式**: * V = W / Q(1 V = 1 J / 1 C) 📘 小提醒:像水管壓力差 → 越大壓差,電流流得越快 --- ## 🔋 電流(I) 📌 **定義**:單位時間內通過導體截面的電荷量 📌 **單位**:安培(A) 📌 **公式**: * I = Q / t * 1 A = 1 C / 1 s 📘 額外補充: * 定義方向為正電流方向 * 實際上是電子向反方向流動(負電) --- ## 💡 電功率(P) 📌 **定義**:單位時間內消耗或輸出的能量 📌 **單位**:瓦特(W) 📌 **常用公式**: * P = V × I * P = I² × R * P = V² / R * P = W / t 📘 記憶小技巧:VIR 三角形 → V 在上,I 和 R 在下 --- ## 🔋 電能與電度(E 或 W) 📌 **定義**:電器在一段時間內所使用的電力量 📌 **單位**:J、Ws、Wh、kWh(1 度 = 1 kWh) 📌 **公式整理**: * W = P × t * W = V × I × t * W = I² × R × t * W = V² × t / R 📌 **換算**: * 1 kWh = 1000 W × 3600 s = 3.6 × 10⁶ J --- ## ⚙️ 效率(η) 📌 **定義**:輸出功與輸入功的比率,表示能源利用程度 📌 **公式**: * η = (輸出功 / 輸入功) × 100% * η = (有用能 / 總能量) × 100% 📌 **單位**:百分比(%) 📘 效率永遠 < 100%,因為會有損耗(如熱) --- # 電阻與電路筆記 --- ## 🧱 電阻(R) 📌 **定義**:電流通過導體時,會受到導體內部阻力的阻礙,稱為電阻 📌 **單位**:歐姆(Ω) 📌 **公式**: * R = V / I 📘 備註:金屬在常溫下會有電阻,超導體電阻為 0 --- ## 🧰 電導(G) 📌 **定義**:導體導電的能力,為電阻的倒數 📌 **單位**:西門子(S) 📌 **公式**: * G = 1 / R --- ## 🎨 色碼電阻(四色法) 📌 **定義**:用顏色來標示電阻阻值及誤差 📌 **四條色環含義**: * 第1條:第一位數字 * 第2條:第二位數字 * 第3條:倍率(10ⁿ) * 第4條:誤差值(±%) 📘 例:紅、紫、橘、金 = 27kΩ ±5% --- ## 🔩 電阻器種類 📌 **碳膜電阻器**:常見、價格低、穩定性一般 📌 **金屬膜電阻器**:穩定性佳、精度高 📌 **可變電阻器(VR)**:阻值可調,例如音量旋鈕 📌 **熱敏電阻(NTC/PTC)**:隨溫度改變阻值 --- ## 📐 歐姆定律(Ohm’s Law) 📌 **定義**:電流與電壓成正比,與電阻成反比 📌 **公式**: * V = I × R * I = V / R * R = V / I 📘 記憶小技巧:VIR 三角形 --- ## 🌡️ 電阻溫度係數(α) 📌 **定義**:當溫度變化時,電阻值也會改變,α 表示溫度對電阻的影響程度 📌 **公式**: * Rt = R₀ × (1 + α × ΔT) 📌 說明: * R₀:初始電阻值 * ΔT:溫度變化量 * α:溫度係數(單位:1/°C) --- ## 🔥 焦耳定律(Joule’s Law) 📌 **定義**:電流通過導體產生熱能的關係 📌 **公式**: * Q = I² × R × t(產生的熱量) * 單位:焦耳(J) 📘 焦耳熱是導體內部能量損耗的主要來源之一 --- # 🔗 串聯與並聯電路 ### 🪢 串聯電路(Series Circuit) 📌 **定義**:元件依序相接,電流只經過一條路徑 📌 **特性**: - 電流相等:每個元件通過的電流相同 → `I = I₁ = I₂ = ...` - 電壓相加:總電壓等於各元件電壓總和 → `V = V₁ + V₂ + ...` - 電阻相加:總電阻為各電阻相加 → `R = R₁ + R₂ + ...` 📘 舉例:燈泡串聯 → 有一顆壞掉,其餘全部不亮 --- ### 🧵 並聯電路(Parallel Circuit) 📌 **定義**:元件各自連接在兩端之間,電流有多條路徑 📌 **特性**: - 電壓相等:每個元件兩端的電壓相同 → `V = V₁ = V₂ = ...` - 電流相加:總電流為各支路電流總和 → `I = I₁ + I₂ + ...` - 電阻倒數相加: `1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂ + ...` ➤ 總電阻會小於最小的單一電阻 📘 舉例:家中插座 → 並聯設計,即使一個電器壞掉,其餘仍正常工作 --- ### 🔄 混聯電路(Series-Parallel) 📌 **定義**:同時包含串聯與並聯結構的複雜電路 📌 **分析方式**: 1. 先簡化並聯部分 → 計算等效電阻 2. 再與串聯部分相加 → 求出總電阻 3. 運用歐姆定律(V = IR)依序推導各部分電壓與電流 --- ### 🧠 記憶整理表格 | 項目 | 串聯 | 並聯 | |--------|---------------------|-------------------------------| | 電流 | 相等 `I = I₁ = I₂` | 總電流等於各支路總和 | | 電壓 | 總電壓為各元件總和 | 各支路電壓相等 | | 電阻 | 相加 `R = R₁ + R₂` | 倒數相加 `1/R = 1/R₁ + 1/R₂` |

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