Aaron Lin
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    # iso相關 1. http://www.kind.com.tw/guidance/13?gclid=CjwKCAiApuCrBhAuEiwA8VJ6JtJ-hQbSymkABNJm58K_feGmFV-n4Y49O0ClBPl8fedbDRh1oChmfxoCCs4QAvD_BwE ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1ODWtLIp.png) ### ISO 14064系列標準與2018年12月19日,有國際標准組織(ISO)提出 ◎ISO 14064-1:組織層級溫室氣體排放與移除之量化及報告指引之規範;主要針對組織所排放的溫室氣體量盤查並透過第三方查證單位查證 ◎ISO 14064-2:計劃層級溫室氣體排放減量或移除增量之量化、監督及報告附指引之規範:須先取得溫室氣體方案之計畫認可,規劃溫室氣體計畫並登錄此計劃,而後在實施期間需針對此溫室氣體方案之溫室氣體單位定期查證、驗證及認可,最後由驗證單位驗證最終溫室氣體排放減量與移除增量。 ◎ISO 14064-3:溫室氣體主張確證與查證附指引之規範 ISO 14064-1和ISO 14064-2這兩個系統是可以分開驗證的。若要同時驗證則建議先針對組織的溫室氣體排放量盤查,並經第三方查證後再擬定減量計畫。 ### 京都議定書定義的六種管製溫室氣體 |溫室氣體 |溫暖化潛勢GWP|主要排放來源| |-------|-----------|-----------| |CO2 |1 |化石燃料燃燒、砍伐(燃燒)森林| |CH4 |23 |垃圾場、水稻、天然氣、石油及煤礦、家畜排洩物管理、腸道發酵| |N2O | 296 |碳化物肥料使用、化石燃料燃燒| |PFCs |5700-11,900|鋁製品、半導體、滅火器| |HFCs |120~12,000 |滅火器、半導體、噴霧劑| |SF6 |22,200 |電力設施、半導體、鎂製品| 2. https://www.isoleader.com.tw/home/iso-coaching-detail/ISO14064-1 ### ISO 14064-1溫室氣體盤查原則 * 相關性(Relevance):利用選擇適合預期使用者需求之溫室氣體源、溫室氣體匯、溫室氣體儲存庫、數據及方法,考量預期使用者、適用溫室氣體類型與選用準則等之相關性。 * 完整性(Completeness):為避免誤導使用者,納入報告之邊界內所有相關的溫室氣體排放與移除,組織需考量所有涵蓋之營運單位、製程、活動與設施之排放源。 * 一致性(Consistency):為使溫室氣體相關資訊具備參考價值,組織對於盤查邊界的設定須注意是否與基準年做法一致,且相同設施之前後期間均採行同一量化方法;如活動數據的統計與排放係數的引用來源。 * 準確性(Accuracy):為依據事實做決策,減少其偏差與不確定性,組織應注意盤查之量化方式;如:活動數據與排放係數;應為最能反應實際排放狀況,且相關數據須經由定期校驗儀器量測而得,並須確認校驗結果符合規範. * 透明度(Transparency):為使溫室氣體相關資訊能充分的被得知,以利預期使用者做出合理可信的決策,組織之應取得所有與溫室氣體主張相關之佐證資訊;如:相關假設、計算方法、文件變更及活動數與排放係數…等。 ### ISO 14064-1 2006版vs2018版 新舊差異點:GHG來源分類的變更 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1bF-sI86.png) 3. https://esg.ettoday.net/news/2500555 #### <font color="green">ISO 14064:溫室氣體盤查系列</font> ISO 14064 是一個三胞胎兄弟,包含了 14064-1、14064-2、14064-3 三種標準,各自有不同的應用層面。以下我們一個一個介紹。 <font color="green">14064-1:組織層面</font> 1. ISO 14064-1 是溫室氣體盤查的第一套標準守則,是任何一位永續人員都必須熟悉的,直接針對整個企業所有活動與溫室氣體排放源進行清算,在尺度上被稱為「大門到大門」(Gate-to-gate)的標準。 2. 簡單來說,14064-1 讓永續人員知道「怎樣針對一間公司進行溫室氣體盤查」(GHG inventory)。 3. 14064-1 也提供永續人員一套「如何撰寫溫室氣體盤查報告」的指引,藉此標準化每間企業的盤查報告。這種標準化的精神也是 ISO 組織存在的用意,不然隨便各間公司各自盤,公說公有理,婆說婆有理,每間公司都無法比較了。 14064-1 實際上有什麼內容呢?大致上可以總結成「邊、源、算、報、查」: * 「邊」:定義組織和運營邊界,對於旗下有子公司等情形則以「股權法」(照股權比例分配)或「營運控制法」(分辨是否具有實際影響力)來決定如何制定邊界,並且說明排除了哪些邊界。例如:公司內自己成立的員工餐廳就要算,但如果是開在公司內的 7-11 就不算是公司的排放。在這一步驟,永續人員必須清楚定義盤查邊界,以及說明如何決定這項邊界的。 * 「源」:鑑別溫室氣體排放源、溫室氣體匯、溫室氣體儲存庫等(Source, Sink, Resevoirs, SSR),包括直接與間接排放源,範疇一、二、三(類別一~六)等具有重大性的排放源,並且必須解釋為何排除某些排放源。 * 「算」:執行計算所有排放源於某年度間的實際排放量以及移除量,並且設立基準年作為比較依據(自己和自己過去比)。 * 「報」:撰寫溫室氣體排放清冊(GHG Inventory),並且管理數據品質、計算出數據的不確定性。 * 「查」:包括內部稽核與外部查證。內部稽核由每間公司自行決定如何 double check,外部查證則非強制每間公司都需要查證,但若屬於符合資格必須查證的公司,則最少每 3 年必須查證一次。 執行完成溫室氣體盤查後,結果除了會被寫進永續報告書以外,也必須登錄於環保署的事業溫室氣體排放量資訊平台。 <font color="green">14064-2:專案層面</font> 1. 如果說 14064-1 要看的是「一間公司排放多少溫室氣體」,那 14064-2 就是看「一間公司做了哪些減碳努力」。簡單來說,前者(14064-1)是量體重,後者(14064-2)是減肥計劃。 2. ISO 14064-2 的意義是要讓企業擬訂「減碳計畫專案」時有一個依據,因此在尺度上並不是以整間公司去考量,而是以一個「減碳專案」為單位,提供永續人員指引去設計、執行、報告一個合理的「減肥計劃」。 3. 因此在內容架構上,14064-2 和 14064-1 頗為接近,一樣會經過「邊、源、算、報、查」等階段,唯一差別只是在尺度上,14064-1 看整間公司,14064-2 看某個減碳專案,且報告目的是減碳成效,因此更注重的是「預計/實際上減肥幾公斤」。 <font color="green">14064-3 :查證/確證層面</font> 1. ISO 14064-3 就不是給企業用的指引了,而是提供給第三方「查證機構」所使用的,針對企業的溫室氣體排放清冊(清冊=盤查報告)與減碳努力的成效進行實際檢驗的指引規範。而哪些第三方單位符合資格可以來檢驗?這個挑選標準就是 ISO 14065,並且由主管機關(環保署)進行挑選公告。 2. 值得注意的是,在 14064-3 中,查證(verification)與確證(validation)這兩個字同時出現,並不是贅詞,而是兩個定義不同的詞。 3. 簡單來說,「查證」(verification)是過去式,只針對已經完成了的專案、主張透過客觀證據確認規定的各項要求都已經被執行;「確證」(validation)是未來式,主要是在評估一個預測的主張是否合理,是不是真的可行,因此只有在 14064-2 的減碳專案中會用上確證。這兩個名詞的差異,在 ISO/IEC 17029:2019 3.2 與 3.3 有更細節的說明。 4. https://www.vocain.com/official/blog/news/Carbon%20Classification 碳排六大類別 | 類別 | 排放源 | |----| -----| |一|直接排放源| |二|間接排放源| |三|運輸中產生的間接溫室氣體排放源| |四|原料或服務所產生的間接溫室氣體排放源| |五|產品使用時所產生的間接溫室氣體排放源| |六|其他來源的間接溫室氣體排放源| <font color="green">類別一</font>:是公司擁有和控制的資源所產生的直接碳排放。換言之,排放源是已列為公司資產,在進行一系列生產活動而產生溫室氣體。它分為四類: * 固定排放(例如燃料,加熱源):所有產生溫室氣體排放的燃料。 * 移動排放:公司擁有或控制的車輛,透過燃燒燃料而產生的溫室氣體(例如汽車,貨車,卡車)。 * 逸散性排放:逸散性溫室氣體的排放源(例如空調設備溢出的冷媒)。 * 製程排放:工業產品製造過程所釋放的二氧化碳(如:水泥製造,工廠煙霧,化學品)。 <font color="green">類別二</font>:與公司相關但不為公司直接控制的排放源,包含外購而來的電力、熱或蒸汽所產生的能源排放,大多數企業多以電力為主要間接排放源。 <font color="green">類別三</font>:針對上游原料及下游產品運送所產生的溫室氣體排放,另外也需將員工通勤、出差所產生的運輸間接溫室氣體排放納入。 <font color="green">類別四</font>:與企業、組織使用或服務有關的原料與服務而產生的溫室氣體排放,如原物料開採、加工等所排放的溫室氣體,以及因企業、組織使用或服務而產生的廢棄物處理所造成的溫室氣體。 <font color="green">類別五</font>:客戶使用、租賃、廢棄本公司產品所產生的間接溫室氣體排放。 <font color="green">類別六</font>:由其他來源產生的間接溫室氣體。 4. https://isoleader.blogspot.com/2023/03/iso-14064-1.html ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJIaFzTIa.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1ZRFz6Ua.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1lPoM6U6.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1ionGaIT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryCBUUaLT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bk46T86UT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HyyAT8a8a.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1FUyw686.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJbB-DpUp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1th-DTLp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1mlzvpIT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyoPGP6Ip.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1P5mPa86.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJNHVw6Up.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ByTB4DpIT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BJHD4vTUa.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/ryHJBPpI6.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1igSwaLT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SJW19wT8T.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1IsxC1Da.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By41-0yDT.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H14M-AyDp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/HJjQbCJPp.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1w5VAJva.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rJiydCJw6.png) ## 碳排放係數相關 ### 固定式燃料燃燒 排放係數方程式:活動數據 $\times$ 排放係數 $\times$ GWP #### 範例 |排放源|燃料煤| |-----|-----| |C$\text{O}_2$排放係數|2.53 kgC$\text{O}_2$/kg| |C$\text{H}_4$|0.0000268 kgC$\text{H}_4$/kg| |$\text{N}_2$O|0.0000402 kg$\text{N}_2$O/kg| 計算: 燃煤1000公噸,產生多少溫室氣體? $\text{CO}_2=1000\text{公噸}*2.53\text{公噸CO}_2/\text{公噸}$=2530公噸 $\text{CH}_4=1000\text{公噸}*0.0000268\text{公噸CH}_4/\text{公噸}$=0.0268公噸 $\text{N}_2\text{O}=1000\text{公噸}*0.0000402\text{公噸}\text{N}_2\text{O}/\text{公噸}$=0.0402公噸 $\implies$ GHG$=2530+0.0268*25+0.0402*298=$ 2542.6496公噸 $\text{CO}_2$e 其中,25和298為AR4之GWP值(現最新是AR6)。 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1z2ERsua.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/By4a4Coda.png) ### 移動式燃料燃燒 排放係數方程式: 1. GHG排放量=燃料使用量$\times$ 排放係數 2. GHG排放量=行程距離$\times$ 排放係數 ### 實際例子1 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/H1aX5T3ua.png) 要計算渦輪發電機組織110年度燃燒天然氣所造成的溫室氣體排放量,可以使用以下的公式: $\textbf{GHG排放量=燃料使用量}\times \textbf{排放係數}$$\times$ GWP CO$_2=$耗用量$\times$排放係數$_{CO_2}$ CH$_4=$耗用量$\times$排放係數$_{CH_4}$ N$_2$O$=$耗用量$\times$排放係數$_{N_2O}$ 且耗用量=15,000 KM$^3$=15,000*1000 M$^3$=15,000,000 M$^3$ $\therefore$ CO$_2=15,000,000M^3 \times 1.8790 kg/M^3=28,185,000kg$ CH$_4=15,000,000M^3 \times 0.000033 kg/M^3=495kg$ N$_2$O$=15,000,000M^3 \times 0.000003 kg/M^3=45kg$ ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/B1z2ERsua.png) $\implies$ 溫室氣體排放量 $=28,185,000kg\times GWP_{CO_2}+495kg\times GWP_{CH_4}+45kg\times GWP_{N_2O}$ $=28,185,000kg\times 1+495kg\times 25+45kg\times 298=28,210,785kg$ ### 實際例子2 ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1Mpg16O6.png) 要計算吉利公司109年度使用的公務車輛所造成的溫室氣體排放量,可以使用以下的公式: $\textbf{GHG排放量=燃料使用量}\times \textbf{排放係數}$ CO$_2=$加油量$\times$排放係數$_{CO_2}$ CH$_4=$加油量$\times$排放係數$_{CH_4}$ N$_2$O$=$加油量$\times$排放係數$_{N_2O}$ 且加油量為=10公秉=10,000公升(L) $\therefore$ CO$_2=10,000L \times 2.2631 kg/L=22631kg$ CH$_4=10,000L \times 0.000816 kg/L=8.16kg$ N$_2$O$=10,000L \times 0.000216 kg/L=2.16kg$ $\implies$ 溫室其他排放量 $=22631kg+8.16kg+2.16kg$ $=22641.32kg$ ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Syg9jbpua.png) ![image](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rkg1UMauT.png) ## 總結 ISO 14064-1是盤查 ISO 14064-2是計劃 ISO 14064-3是查證 法規:每家公司資料必須保存十年(by14064)

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