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    --- title: "幾何原本筆記 (Euclid’s Elements)" path: "幾何原本筆記 Euclid’s Elements" --- {%hackmd @RintarouTW/About %} # 幾何原本筆記 (Euclid’s Elements) ## 幾何 = Geometry? Euclid’s Elements 徐光啟翻成「幾何原本」,但「幾何」二字何來?「原本」二字能省?Elements of What? > 九章:「今有田廣十五步,從十六步。問為田**幾何**?」,幾何為「數量多少」之意。 以數量多少之意來解釋「幾何原本」四字,則應是「求取數量多少之所本」,若單純以為幾何是 Geometry 之意解,個人以為實在是表面了點。不過,這世界本是如此,名可名,非常名;不求甚解者眾,慎思者希,吾亦浮萍爾,知之尚力有未逮,何言其它。 ## 重拾被忽視省略的過程 * 點與點連線 * 線與線共面 (線代則可解譯為平面可由兩線性獨立的的線性組合所構成) * 共一平面 * 共曲面 * 兩直線僅有一交點則共一平面 * 任意不共線三點間連線可成三角形 * 兩線段共點夾角非 0 可成三角形 * 外角和為 ${360^\circ}$ *(Think out of the box)* * 同角兩邊做高(投影)必為兩相似三角形 ![](https://i.imgur.com/dDlybtC.png) [Play](https://www.geogebra.org/geometry/sxryqkag) * 線對稱與點對稱 * 鏡射指的是線對稱(以線為對稱軸,而非點,只有與對稱軸垂直的座標相反) 90 度 ![](https://i.imgur.com/0TOqBLN.png)[Play](https://www.geogebra.org/geometry/u2qarwpe) * 點對稱是穿透(真正上下巔倒,左右相反的倒影。) 180 度 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Sj2ex2D.png) [Play](https://www.geogebra.org/geometry/ttqkegw3) * 以三角形任一點做點對稱練習並區分線對稱與點對稱的不同 * 平行四邊行沒那麼單純 (TODO) * 更認識平行的力量 (TODO) * $1^2 = 1??$ (TODO) 從前為了計算快速,我們總將 $(x+1)^2 = x^2 + 2x + 1$ 但問題是此處的 1 原本應該是 $1\times1=1^2$,二項式相乘出來的每一項也必然是 n 次相乘。 為了快速計算,很可能錯過了這個重要的原則,2 次元裡不存在 1 次元的東西。 $(A+B)^2=A^2+2AB+B^2$ 與 $(A+B)^2=A^2+AB+BA+B^2$ 的差別 $(A-B)^2=A^2-2AB+B^2$ 與 $(A+B)^2=A^2-AB-BA+B^2$ 的差別 * 投影(Projection) (TODO) * 圓 * 圓最重要的特性? * 圓周任一點至圓心等距 * 圓與直角 * 過圓心為直徑,直徑所切兩弧各為 $\pi$,直徑兩點外與其外圓周上任一點連接必為直角三角形,所有直角三角形皆可由圓做出。 * 圓與三角形 * 所有三角形皆有外接圓(即三點共圓),反過來說也就是我們在一個圓上即可做出所有三角形的相似形。 * 和差角公式同一圖解 ![](https://i.imgur.com/QxtNvDA.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/5Zu7k5P.png) --- ## TODO * 發現畢式定理的由來猜想 * 先有面積還是體積? * 橢圓(Ecllipse)、角錐(Cone)與雙曲線(一點一線間距離的藝術) * 旋轉 * 只轉一個向量 vs 整個座標軸都旋轉 * 轉速與轉動加速度 * 角速度, 角加速度 * 日常能理解的單位(圏/t) rpm * 思考層次 * 透過加減乘除來表達關係 \+ - * /是否有更深層本質的意義? => 分析式數學(線代,離散,群論等) ## 過程其實比最後的答案更有趣 觀察、分析、歸納、思考、提問、解答,別只想著解答。 ###### tags: `math` `geometry` `euclid`

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