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    # Bit Manipulation (7) > 紀錄 NeetCode-150 與 LeetCode 的解題想法、刷題過程與錯誤,以 Python 或 C++ 兩種語言為主 > > 其他 NeetCode-150 或 LeetCode 的主題請見 [Here](https://hackmd.io/-ovTFlzLRWaSgzDGhbSwsA) <!-- 常用色碼紀錄 Easy: <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> Medium: <font color="#ffbb00">**Medium**</font> Hard: <font color="#ee2f56">**Hard**</font> --> ## Introduction 位元運算包括以下: * AND: `&` * OR: `|` * NOT: `~` * Exclusive OR: `^` | `P` | `Q` | `P & Q` | `P \| Q` | `P ^ Q` | `~P` | | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | * left shift: `<<` * right shift: `>>` | `P`(decimal) | `P`(binary) | `P << 1` | `P >> 1` | Remark | | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | :-: | | `26` | `11010` | `110100` | `01101` | 等同於 `*2` 或 `//2` | ## 1. Single Number <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> > You are given a non-empty array of integers `nums`. Every integer appears twice except for one. > > Return the integer that appears only once. > > You must implement a solution with $O(n)$ runtime complexity and use only $O(1)$ extra space. ### Example 1: ```java Input: nums = [3,2,3] Output: 2 ``` ### Example 2: ```java Input: nums = [7,6,6,7,8] Output: 8 ``` ### Constraints * `1 <= nums.length <= 10000` * `-10000 <= nums[i] <= 10000` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(n)$ * Space complexity $O(1)$ ### Solution 最簡單的方式是使用一個 hash map 紀錄每個數字的出現次數,但會需要 $O(n)$ 的空間,且過程非常簡單。另一種方式可使用 exclusive or 的運算。 Exclusive OR(XOR, $\oplus$)的運算性質 | $P$ | $Q$ | $P \oplus Q$ | | :-: | :-: | :-: | | $T$ | $T$ | $F$ | | $T$ | $F$ | $T$ | | $F$ | $T$ | $T$ | | $F$ | $F$ | $F$ | 根據以上性質可知: * a $\oplus$ a = 0 * a $\oplus$ 0 = 0 因此,只要將整個陣列兩兩一組做 XOR 的運算,因為重複數字會抵消為 0,所以最後計算的結果就是多餘不成對的數字。 ```python= class Solution: def singleNumber(self, nums: List[int]) -> int: res = 0 for num in nums: res = num ^ res return res ``` ## 2. Numbers of 1 bits <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> > You are given an unsigned integer `n`. Return the number of `1` bits in its binary representation. > > You may assume `n` is a non-negative integer which fits within 32-bits. ### Example 1: ```java Input: n = 00000000000000000000000000010111 Output: 4 ``` ### Example 2: ```java Input: n = 01111111111111111111111111111101 Output: 30 ``` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(1)$ * Space complexity: $O(1)$ ### Solution > [!Note] > 題目給定的數字都是十進位置的整數,只不過在進行 bitwise operation 時會自動轉成二進位制 針對二進位的數字逐一檢查每個位置有沒有 `1`,所以需要一個能隨著位移做 mask 的數字,可用 `1 << i` 建立,因為 `1 << 2` 等同於將 `000..0001` 往左位移兩位,可得 `00..00100`。因此 `1 << i` 相當於對第 `i` 位做 mask。 題目限制長度是 32-bits 的整數,所以可以每個 bit 逐一跟 `1` 做 AND 運算 * 若結果 = 1 表示該位置有 `1` * 若結果 = 0 表示該位置沒有 `1` ```python= class Solution: def hammingWeight(self, n: int) -> int: res = 0 for i in range(32): mask = 1 << i if n & mask == 0: # i-th bit of n is 0 continue res += 1 return res ``` ## 3. Counting Bits <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> > Given an integer `n`, count the number of `1`'s in the binary representation of every number in the range `[0, n]`. > > Return an array `output` where `output[i]` is the number of `1`'s in the binary representation of `i`. ### Example 1: ```java Input: n = 4 Output: [0,1,1,2,1] ``` Explanation: 0 --> 0 1 --> 1 2 --> 10 3 --> 11 4 --> 100 ### Constraints * `0 <= n <= 1000` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(n)$ * Space complexity: $O(n)$ ### Solution **(1) 可採用前一題的做法** 從 0 開始檢查到 n,每個數字都去計算有幾個 1。內圈 `mask` 的長度可以參考題目的 constraints 設計一個定值。 ```python= class Solution: def countBits(self, n: int) -> List[int]: res = [] for num in range(n + 1): count = 0 for i in range(11): mask = 1 << i if num & mask == 0: continue count += 1 res.append(count) return res ``` **(2) Dynamic programming** 暫略 ## 4. Reverse Bits <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> > Given a 32-bit unsigned integer `n`, reverse the bits of the binary representation of `n` and return the result. ### Example 1: ```java Input: n = 00000000000000000000000000010101 Output: 2818572288 (10101000000000000000000000000000) ``` Explanation: Reversing `00000000000000000000000000010101`, which represents the unsigned integer `21`, gives us `10101000000000000000000000000000` which represents the unsigned integer `2818572288`. ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(1)$ * Space compleity: $O(1)$ ### Solution **(1) 題目都是限制 32-bits 的整數** 可觀察每個 bit 反轉前後的位置變化。以 8-bits 為例: 10110**0**10 $\Rightarrow$ 01**0**01101。第 2 bit 的數字反轉後會到第 5 = (8 - 1) - 2 bit。因此第 `i` bit 反轉後的位置為第 `(n - 1) - i` bit。 確認反轉後的位置後,該 bit 反轉後的數值大小 $= b \times 2^{31-i}$ 或 $b << (31-i)$,其中 $b = 1$ 或 $0$。只要從最低位開始逐位先反轉再累加即可。 > [!Tip] > 可以選擇用次方計算或是位移計算,多數情況下 bitwise 的位移運算會比乘法來的快,因為位移運算對應到 assembly lamguage 只有一個指令,但乘法會牽涉到多行 assembly code **(2)如何確定每個 bit 是 1 或 0** 可用類似前幾題找 1 的方法逐位檢查每個位置是 1 還是 0。 #### False ver. ```python= # false class Solution: def reverseBits(self, n: int) -> int: res = 0 for i in range(32): mask = 1 << i bit = mask & n # bit = 2^i not 1 res += (bit << (31 - i)) return res ``` **Output:** ``` Error ``` 這個版本錯的地方在於 `mask = 00...010..0` 是一個第 `i` bit = 1 的數字,當 `mask` 跟 `n` 做 AND 運算時的確可以判斷第 `i` bit 是不是 `1`,但計算後的結果 `bit = 00..010..0` 以十進位來說卻是 $2^i$,最後就會變成 $2^i$ 再往左位移 $31 - i$ 位。 <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/BkrQQ2bpkg.jpg" width=500> 正確做法應該是針對題目給定的數字 `n` 每次往右移動,讓最低位跟 `1` 做 AND 運算 <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/Bki97n-Tye.jpg" width=500> #### Correct ver. ```python= # false class Solution: def reverseBits(self, n: int) -> int: res = 0 for i in range(32): bit = (n >> i) & 1 # bit = 1 or 0 res += (bit << (31 - i)) return res ``` ## 5. Missing Number <font color="#00ad5f">**Easy**</font> > Given an array `nums` containing `n` integers in the range `[0, n]` without any duplicates, return the single number in the range that is missing from `nums`. > > **Follow-up**: Could you implement a solution using only `O(1)` extra space complexity and `O(n)` runtime complexity? ### Example 1: ```java Input: nums = [1,2,3] Output: 0 ``` Explanation: Since there are 3 numbers, the range is [0,3]. The missing number is 0 since it does not appear in nums. ### Example 2: ```java Input: nums = [0,2] Output: 1 ``` ### Constraints * `1 <= nums.length <= 1000` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(1)$ * Space complexity: $O(1)$ ### Solution **(1) Hash set** 要檢查某數字有沒有在陣列之中,可以使用 hash set 加快查找的動作($O(1)$)。將題目給定的 array 中的數字加入到 hash set 之中,再從 0 到 n 開始迭代,若某個數字 i 不在 hash set 中表示它是 missing number。 ```python= class Solution: def missingNumber(self, nums: List[int]) -> int: hashSet = set() for n in nums: hashSet.add(n) n = len(nums) for i in range(n + 1): if i in hashSet: continue return i ``` **(2) XOR** 相同的兩數字做 XOR 的結果為 0。理想上 `nums` 中的數字跟 `0` 到 `n` 所組成的陣列 `[0, 1, ..., n]` 做 XOR 後應該要是 `0`,因為每個數字都是兩兩一組。 當 `nums` 少一個數字時該組數字無法湊成 0,所以最後結果 = miss number。 Step-by-step 如下: * 把 0 到 n 依序做 XOR 疊加 * 上述結果繼續跟 `nums` 中的元素做 XOR * 最後結果 = missing number <img src="https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SkChrnWake.jpg" width=500> ```python= class Solution: def missingNumber(self, nums: List[int]) -> int: n = len(nums) res = 0 for i in range(n + 1): res = res ^ i for n in nums: res = res ^ n return res ``` ## 6. Sum of Two Integers <font color="#ffbb00">**Medium**</font> > Given two integers `a` and `b`, return the sum of the two integers without using the `+` and `-` operators. ### Example 1: ```java Input: a = 1, b = 1 Output: 2 ``` ### Example 2: ```java Input: a = 4, b = 7 Output: 11 ``` ### Constraints * `-1000 <= a, b <= 1000` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(1)$ * Space complexity: $O(1)$ ### Solution 觀察 binary bit 等級的加法過程: * 0 + 0 = 0 * 0 + 1 = 1 * 1 + 1 = 1**0** 與 XOR 的計算非常類似,但 1 + 1 時需要考慮進位的問題。進位可以透過 AND 運算輔助判斷,當同時出現 1 時表示需要進位,此時將 `1 & 1` 的結果左移一位表示進位動作。 每一次計算 `a ^ b` 與 `(a & b) << 1` 後把兩者相加,相加的過程就是繼續做 XOR 與 AND 直到 AND 的結果為 0 就是答案。 ![S__2580486](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/rym2OgmaJg.jpg) (因為 Python 的整數型態是任意精度沒有限制,所以此題以 C++ 進行) ```cpp= class Solution { public: int getSum(int a, int b) { while (b != 0){ int carry = (a & b) << 1; a = a ^ b; b = carry; } return a; } }; ``` ## 7. Reverse Integer <font color="#ffbb00">**Medium**</font> > You are given a signed 32-bit integer `x`. > > Return `x` after reversing each of its digits. After reversing, if `x` goes outside the signed 32-bit integer range `[-2^31, 2^31 - 1]`, then return `0` instead. > > Solve the problem without using integers that are outside the signed 32-bit integer range. ### Example 1: ```java Input: x = 1234 Output: 4321 ``` ### Example 2: ```java Input: x = -1234 Output: -4321 ``` ### Example 3: ```java Input: x = 1234236467 Output: 0 ``` ### Constraints * `-2^31 <= x <= 2^31 - 1` ### Recommended complexity * Time complexity: $O(1)$ * Space complexity: $O(1)$ ### Solution 可利用除法和取餘數把每一位數字找出來 ![S__2580487](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1NuYx76yx.jpg) 因為題目限制在 32-bits 的整數,以 MAX = 2147483647 為例,不可先計算 `res` 的結果後再比較兩者大小,因為系統根本無法算出比 `MAX` 大的數字,因此聚焦在比較最後一位數以及倒數第二位數字。 ![S__2580488](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/S1jbqlmaJx.jpg) ```cpp= class Solution { public: int reverse(int x) { int MAX = 2147483647; // 2^31 - 1 int MIN = -2147483648; // -2^31 int remains; int res = 0; while (x != 0){ remains = x % 10; x = x / 10; if ((res > MAX / 10) || (res == MAX / 10 && remains > MAX % 10)){ return 0; } if ((res < MIN / 10) || (res == MIN / 10 && remains < MIN % 10)){ return 0; } res = res * 10 + remains; } return res; } }; ```

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