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    # GSLA题选 ###### tags: `Linear Algebra` 以下收集了GSLA上我觉得有意义的题,只是一部分。 发在论坛上还是太乱了,干脆全都搬到hackmd,大家有想补充的就可以随时补充。 CHAP 1:Introduction to Vectors --- ### P.S 1.1 T9:给出平行四边形的三个顶点,不用距离公式,能用向量的线性组合找出第四个顶点吗(将点看成向量)。这个线性组合具有普适性吗? T16、20、22:这三题内涵差不多。T20里问三个向量的线性组合满足什么条件会在虚线内的三角形里,答案是c+d+e=1,这感觉不显然啊??有人能给一个论证🐎? 来自2022年的论证: c+d+e=1那个,受网上解法启发,可以设三角形内部点为D,u的终点为A,v的终点为B,w的终点为C,原点设为O。DA, DB, DC共面,所以DA=mDB+nDC,有OA-OD=m(OB-OD)+n(OC-OD),化简得(1-m-n)OD=-mOA-nOB+OC,本来又有OD=cOA+dOB+eOC,一一对应就得到相加为1了。 ### P.S 1.3 T3:提到了个sum matrix,把前n个奇数作为输入,能输出n个完全平方数。说明了完全平方数的性质之一。 T14:依然强调了行秩和列秩的关系,证明不难。 CHAP 2:Solving Linear Equations --- ### P.S 2.1: T14:有一段时间没去想Ax=b的问题了,不知道为什么我一直以为x_particular一定在row space里面……然后,问一个~~非常愚蠢的~~paradox,在这个问题里面,我有一个x_particular和三个x_special,显然这四个向量线性无关,那为什么我的解空间是3D的而不是4D的(真的很简单的一个问题,居然还想了我蛮久的 T29:之前讲Markov matrix的时候我好像忘了说Markov matrix的power也是Markov matrix。证明的话可以用到斌头老师昨天补充的那个rank-one pieces的加法,或者有什么更直观的证明方法可以跟帖说一下? ### P.S 2.3 T30:GL_n有一个det=1的子群的实例 ### P.S 2.4 T16:关于乘法次数,作为Cser还是要知道的 T22: D、E都是保长度的正交矩阵,涉及旋转,我觉得这题的几何直观要建立起来(我自己有点懵 T37:给出了结合律的证明 ### PS 2.5: T43:提到了Schur complement,但是没有说明白是什么的complement,和Schur分解有联系🐎 ### PS 2.6: T15:昨天吵了很久为什么对称矩阵L=U^T, 这里给出了LDU分解的唯一性的证明,用LDU分解的唯一性去证L=U^T 还是比较显然的(捂脸)。要关注一下各种分解的唯一性了。 T22:constant-diagonal matrix,🐎一下 ### PS 2.7: T14:reverse the order of diagonal的操作,🐎一下 T18:纠正一个东西!!antisymmetric和skew-symmetric是同一个东西,而且它们对角线上元素都为0 T26:对称矩阵的快速消元,🐎一下 T31:没看懂这题意思,但直觉告诉我这道题挺有内涵 T34:LS分解:一个方阵可以被分解为一个下三角和一个对称矩阵,看到对称矩阵,先🐎一下再说 CHAP 3:Vector Spaces and Subspaces --- ### PS 3.1: T11:注意一下(a)、(b)的区别(感觉这种找matrix space的基的题目就是在找信息 T24:$C(AB) \in C(A)$,经常用到的结论,🐎一下 ### PS 3.2: T59:N($A^TA$)=N(A),也是常用结论,🐎一下 ### PS 3.4: T28:还是找matrix space的基的问题,这里需要多少信息呢 ### PS 3.5: Page 187讲了CR分解!可能第一次看的时候没把它当回事 T10:random matrix的rank最有可能是多少?可能需要一些概率相关的知识…… T20(b):用A的ER分解来找左零空间的基,这个操作🐎一下 CHAP 4:Orthogonality --- ### P.S 4.1: T7:Fredholm's Alternative,想表达的是如果b不在C(A)中,那么在N(A^T )中总能找到一个与b内积为1的向量吗 T9:N($A^TA$)=N(A)的证明 ### P.S 4.2: page210:The left nullspace is important in projections,感觉这句话挺内涵,🐎一下 T33:Kalman filter T34:如果P1、P2是投影矩阵,P1P2也是投影矩阵iff P1P2=P2P1 ### P.S 4.3: T21:关于e、p、$\hat{x}$的空间关系 ### P.S 4.4: T6:正交矩阵的乘积也是正交矩阵 T19:分解R=DU,可以证明A^T A的pivots是R的对角线上元素的平方(Gram-schmidt on A corresponds to elimination on A^T A),补充一个page513的fast orthogonalization,LU分解和QR分解的关系可能比我们想象中的要密切 T25:给出了2x2下的QR分解的公式,前提是det>0 T30:给出了一组wavelet但是没怎么深挖 T34:之前讲reflection的时候我讲错了!!$Q=I-2uu^T$,u不是mirror,u是垂直于mirror CHAP 5:Determinants --- ### P.S 5.1: T7: 给出了reflection matrix的其他形式 T14:GS老先生偏爱的tridiagonal里的-1,2,-1 matrix,可以推det的通项 T18:Vandermonde determinant,推通项的过程中要用到det的蛮多性质,挺有意思的 ### P.S 5.2: T15:tridiagonal 1,1,1 matrix,有周期性的determinant T16:determinant有fibonacci性质的1,1,-1 tridiagonal matrix T17:det有类似fibonacci性质的-1,2,-1 tridiagonal T22:det有类似fibonacci性质的1,3,1 tridiagonal(~~131啊嘿嘿嘿~~ ### P.S 5.3: page279 cross product的定义 T20:Hadamard矩阵,传说这是一个很厉害的矩阵(逃),然后二阶的Hadamard是二阶的Fourier嘿嘿嘿 CHAP 6:Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors --- ### P.S 6.1: T14:2x2 rotation matrix的eigenvalue通项 T34:这个permutation的eigenvector matrix是4-point discrete Fourier transform matrix嘿嘿嘿 ### P.S 6.2: T28:对角化的唯一性 T30、31:Cayley-Hamilton Theorem,将矩阵的多项式和eigenvalue的多项式联系在一起 T34:rotation matrix的power T35:对角化的rank-one形式,这题还补充了个在eigenvector matrix X^-1 的行空间的left eigenvectors ### P.S 6.4: page339:给出了2x2对称矩阵的eigenvector的公式嘿嘿嘿 page340:谱定理的rank-one decomposition page343:之前讲过的-1,2,-1矩阵和-1,1,-1矩阵的eigenvector matrix是sine和cosine matrix(虽然我也没懂这个为什么叫sine和cosine matrix,还有那个“discrete sine/cosine transform" T36:对称矩阵的congruent ### P.S 6.5: page356:evil Hilbert matirx T35:postive definite的congruent也是positive definite:the crucial matrix in engineering CHAP 8:Linear Transformations --- ### P.S 8.1: 个人觉得T13-19挺有意思嗷,关于linear transformation的input and output **page415:** 引入了一个“isometric”的概念:If $Q_1,Q_2$ are orthogonal , $C=Q_1^TAQ_2$ is isometric to A So a matrix is isometric to its singular value matrix **page420** 我们知道,可以找到matrix B let $A=BJB^{-1}$ ,这里说明了B的cols是A的generalized eigenvector ### P.S 8.3: T2-4:都是找generalized eigenvector的问题,420页看完之后其实还会有点懵,做几道题才能找到一些pattern(逃

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