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    # 化學科教學實習---化學實驗教學教案 學生姓名:許會卿 學號:B03603011 系級:農化系 ## 試教實驗名稱:金奈米粒子之合成及吸收光譜鑑定 **一、 實驗目的** 以檸檬酸鈉將四氯金酸還原,製得不同粒徑的金奈米粒子;測量其可見光吸收光譜以比較表面電漿子共振波帶差異。 **二、 實驗相關化學原理定則** (一)奈米材料:材料大小介於1~100 nm,由於尺寸的縮小,使其光學性質、 磁性、電性、導熱性均改變,應用性也增加。例如:金奈米粒子會因表面電 漿子共振吸收效應而呈現紅色,另外也可應用於生醫檢測。 * 表面電漿子共振:對奈米粒子施加電磁輻射,使表面自由電子集體震盪,此過程因特定頻率電磁輻射被表面電漿子吸收或散射的共振現象即可稱之。 (二)金奈米粒子之製備:HAuCl~4~(aq) + C~6~H~5~O~7~Na~3~(aq) ——> Au(s) + CO~2~ + HCOOH * 檸檬酸鈉/四氯金酸的比例高時,晶核多,金奈米粒徑小;反之。 * 實驗器皿需以王水沖淨,不殘留;反應時,須持續加熱及攪拌使粒徑均一。 (三)金奈米粒子之光譜鑑定: 常用UV-vis光譜儀及TEM分析金奈米粒子形狀和粒徑分佈。因金奈米粒子表面電漿子共振波帶和粒子形狀、大小有關,所以分光光譜儀測定合成粒子大小是否符合其表面電漿子共振波帶。 * 金奈米粒子15 nm,表面電漿子共振吸收波長為520 nm;金奈米粒子33 nm,表面電漿子共振吸收波長為528 nm (四)膠體溶液:膠體粒子是帶電的。大小介於1~1000 nm。 * 膠體溶液凝聚常用的方法有三:加熱、通電與加入電解質溶液。 * 加熱:克服因膠體粒子帶電而互斥,以致無法形成夠大的顆粒以生成沉澱 * 加入電解質:當膠體中加入少量電解質溶液時,加入的陽離子或陰離子會中和膠粒所帶的電荷,之後膠體粒子會聚集成為更大的顆粒,形成沉澱。同樣地,當帶有相反電荷的膠體粒子相混合時,也會發生聚沉。 **三、 實驗相關技能及操作重點** * 以新鮮配置王水清洗器材 * 架設迴流加熱反應裝置 * 吸量管使用 * 電磁加熱攪拌器使用 * 分光光譜儀操作(校正流程、測光管使用規則) **四、 重要之實驗觀察紀錄** 1. 王水洗器材:王水要新鮮配置,呈黃色,遇水發煙現象明顯 2. 四氯金酸溶液呈金黃色,加熱七分鐘後開始沸騰 3. 檸檬酸鈉加入四氯金酸後的顏色變化: 黃色AuCl~4~(0 s)-->無色Au^+^(5 s)-->灰黑色Au^0^(19 s)-->紫黑色(59 s)-->酒紅色Au(s)(85 s) 4. 隨時都要注意攪拌子是否有正常引起漩渦,而非不斷在圓底平內跳動 5. 膠體溶液測定金奈米溶液時,明顯可見雷射光徑;加入電解質NaCl後,立刻由酒紅色轉呈紫色。但光徑特性變化不明顯。 6. 比較大小粒徑的顏色都差不多偏紅色,放在一起比較,大粒徑仍偏紫(單看看不出差異)。 7. 小粒徑的可見光光譜最大吸收波長為520 nm,大粒徑的為525 nm。 **五、 實驗應注意之安全事項** 1. 王水具有強烈腐蝕性,實驗必須配戴乳膠手套 2. 以王水清洗器材時,必須在抽氣櫃內操作 3. 以王水清洗完之器材必須用大量的去離子水沖洗 4. 操作加熱攪拌器及砂浴時小心燙傷(可戴雙層麻布手套) 5. 架設加熱迴流裝置時,要注意是否以廣用夾固定牢 6. 拆卸加熱迴流裝置時,要由上往下拆卸 7. 實驗完畢後,奈米金溶液要倒入指定回收桶 **六、 實驗教學流程安排** 1. 說明實驗原理:HAuCl~4~(aq) + C~6~H~5~O~7~Na~3~(aq) ——> Au(s) + CO~2~ + HCOOH 2. 清洗反應器材流程說明 * 以新鮮王水洗滌器皿 ——示範以一小杯王水如何清洗完冷凝管、圓底瓶、測光管、攪拌子 * 大量去離子水沖洗——在hood內先以去離子水沖洗一次,再離開hood清洗五次 3. 合成金奈米粒子流程說明 * 架設加熱迴流裝置——實際示範如何由下往上架設裝置,以及說明架設時的注意事項 * 四氯金酸沸騰後以移液吸量管加入檸檬酸鈉 * 加熱十分鐘,冷卻時的方式 4. 光譜測定流程說明 * 稀釋溶液(1:3) ,測定400~700 nm吸收光譜,找到最大吸收波長 * 說明光譜儀的使用方式及注意事項——blank的時機、測光管的放入角度、測光管的擦拭 * 結果作圖的注意事項 5. 觀察膠體溶液性質流程說明 * 廷得耳效應觀察——以laser光觀察奈米金溶液及參考溶液 * 加入電解質——可觀察到的顏色變化和意義 6. 最終提醒注意事項 **七、 實驗小考試題** **原先的版本:** ~~* 架設概念:畫出加熱迴流裝置的架設圖、冷凝管的進水與出水分別為何?~~ ~~* 原理概念:檸檬酸鈉加入四氯金酸溶液之後變色的原因?金奈米粒子的粒徑大小與什麼有關?~~ ~~* 安全概念:在排煙櫃操作的原因及步驟有哪些?~~ ~~* 操作概念:分光光譜儀使用時,需要在哪兩種情形下按Blank鍵?~~ **改良後的版本:** * 王水的配置,使用哪兩種藥品,配置比例為何? * 本次實驗使用的還原劑為何? * 本次實驗吸收光譜測波長多少奈米到多少奈米,預期最大波長為何? * 實驗需要注意哪三件事? * 本次實驗的反應物與產物分別為何? **八、 實驗評量評分標準** 1. 正確清洗器材(10%) * 在排煙櫃內操作時,王水的使用、回收符合示範 * 以去離子水第一次沖洗後才將器材帶出排煙櫃 * 清洗的器材不遺漏:冷凝管、圓底瓶、攪拌子、測光管^*^2 2. 正確架設加熱迴流裝置(30%) * 攪拌子能正確的旋轉,形成漩渦 * 冷凝管的出水、入水位置正確,有用小水流不斷流經冷凝管 * 有使用大、小廣用夾固定器皿,不歪斜 * 冷卻時,攪拌子不停止攪拌 3. 正確操作分光光譜儀(20%) * 有預先熱機 * 有空機校正、參考溶液校正 * 測光管的擦拭、拿取 4. 金奈米溶液倒入指定回收桶(5%) 6. 實驗結果、觀察紀錄填寫完整(35%) * 變色時間、變色順序 * 可見光光譜吸收度數據填寫、比較 * 膠體溶液觀察 * 兩組(大、小粒徑)相互比較 * 其他觀察到之有趣現象、發現 --- **化學實驗探究規劃:** 1. 奈米金應用: 奈米金也容易與蛋白質結合,如抗體、酵素或細胞激素,最普遍的例子就是在驗孕棒上的應用。懷孕的女性會分泌一種特殊的荷爾蒙 hCG(human Chorionic Gonadotropin,人絨毛膜促性腺激素),把懷孕女性的尿液滴在含有奈米金試劑的驗孕棒上,hCG 荷爾蒙便會與奈米金反應呈現紅寶石色,如此就可得知懷孕與否。 <center> ![](https://i.imgur.com/Wr2mTfP.png =450x) </center> 2. 膠體溶液性質觀察 膠體溶液凝聚常用的方法有三:加熱、通電與加入電解質溶液。 2-1 可以觀察所配置的金奈米溶液是否能夠透過此三種方式達到凝聚、沈降? * 通電:可透過U型管,兩端分別插上正、負極。 * 加入電解質溶液:可預備多種電解質溶液,看看是否加入後都能產生變化。 2-2 觀察大小粒徑的金奈米溶液在長時間下的懸浮狀況是否有差異? 2-3 觀察加入電解質NaCl的金奈米粒子溶液沈降效果 3. 製備金奈米粒子的加熱過程中,若沒有持續攪拌,對於吸收波長的影響?

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