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    區塊鏈上的CDS # CDS (Credit Default Swap) 信用違約互換交易 信用違約互換交易(下稱CDS)為一種可以**讓投資人轉移信用風險的金融工具**,購買此金融工具的投資人定期向CDS發行者支付一定費用(稱為信用違約互換息差),一旦違約情況出現,購買者CDS的投資人有權利將債券以**面值**賣給CDS發行者,以有效規避信用風險。例如甲借錢給乙,另外向丙購買以乙為標的的CDS,甲並定期付給丙信用違約互換利差,當乙違約時,丙就必須將甲賠償合約之面額,因此透過CDS,甲可將違約風險轉給丙。 * 合約由兩個法人交易,一個稱為買方(信貸違約時受保護的一方),另一個稱為賣方(保障買方於信貸違約時損失)。主要為約定期內信用違約提供一個高比率的保險業務,**若擔保方沒有足夠的保證金,會來相當大的投機行為。若保證金充足,其意義在於為買方提供被違約時的本金保障。 ** * **有些信用違約交換合約不需要以抵押物便向賣方索償**(理賠金額與保險費成正比),只需要欠債人破產(或其他合約指定情況)即可。這些合約的功能不局限於風險轉移(避險),而是具有投機性質,例如買方可以以合約賭博某家公司快會破產一樣,即便他從未對該公司作出放債。 > # 投機 由於信用違約交換的價差隨著金融信用下跌而上昇,而於信譽提升時下跌,所以信用違約交換容許投資者針對個體的信貸質素進行投機。假如投資者相信一家公司將會無力償還債務,那他就可以買入信用違約交換。相對地,假如他認為一家公司不太可能違約,那他就可以賣出信用違約交換。 舉例來說,一家避險基金認為 AIG 將會無力償還債務。那它可以從花旗銀行處買入 2 年期價值 $1000 萬美元的信用違約交換;,並以 AIG 所為參考實體,價差則為每年 500 基點(=5%)。 如果 AIG 真的在一年後違約,那家避險基金需要付給花旗銀行 5%*1000萬*1=50萬美元 的費用,但會收到 1000 萬美元(假設回收率為 0,而且花旗銀行有足夠流動性去填補損失),從而賺取豐厚的利潤。花旗銀行及其投資者則產生了 950 萬美元的虧損,除非銀行在違約前抵銷了一部份的部位。 不過,假如 AIG 沒有違約,那麼這份信用違約交換將會持續兩年,而避險基金則合共要繳付5%*1000萬*2=100萬美元而沒有任何報酬,所以會錄得虧損。 要留意在上述情況下還存在第三種可能性;那家避險基金可以選擇在一段時間後賣出它的部位,從而鎖死它的利潤或損失。舉例來說: 一年後,市場認為 AIG 比前更有可能違約,所以它的信用違約交換的價差從 500 點「擴闊」到 1500 點。這家避險基金可以選擇將這份保障期為一年的信用違約交換用較高的價差賣回給花旗銀行。所以在兩年裡,這家避險基金合共付出 2 * 5% * $1000 萬美元 = $100 萬美元,但收到 1 * 15% * $1000 萬美元 = $150 萬美元,因而盈利 $500,000。 在另一個情況裡,一年後市場認為 AIG 更不可能違約,所以它的信用違約交換的價差從 500「縮窄」到 250 點。再一次,這家避險基金決定對花旗銀行用較低價差出售這份有效期一年的金約。在兩年的期間內,這家避險基金需要付出 2 * 5% * $1000 萬美元 = $100 萬美元,但會收到 1 * 2.5% * $1000 萬美元 = $25 萬美元,因而損失 $75 萬美元。相對起沒有進行第二次交易而得到的一百萬美元損失,金額比較少。 這類型的交易甚至無需長期維持。假如 AIG 的信用違約交換的價差在一天內擴闊了幾個點,這家避險基金可以馬上買入抵銷部位的合約並在兩份合約的有效期內賺取小額的利潤。 # 鏈上應用 投資人可以向發行方(protocol)購買針對特定(DEFI PROTOCOL、NFT發行方)的CDS債券,並約定好每期支付一定數額的費用,以換取保護。如果屆時真的違約即賠償債券面額的金額。

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