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    # 講読のためのドイツ語文法学習RTA 多分これが一番早いと思います ## 文法要素 ### 冠詞類の格変化 とりあえず定冠詞だけでいいです。覚えましょう。 ### 2格 2格の名詞句は前の名詞句を修飾します。頻出です。 ### 名詞 名詞は必ず大文字から始まります。おかげで名詞がどれか分かるので、辞書を引く前にある程度構文解析ができます。ありがたい……。 ### 形容詞 とりあえず弱変化だけでも格変化表に目を通しておきましょう。まあ全部eとenですが……。名詞(大文字始まりの単語)の前に-eとか-enとかで終わる名詞でない単語が出てきたら、とりあえず形容詞を疑ってみるのが吉です。もちろん動詞その他の可能性もありますが。 ### 前置詞 基本的なやつはとりあえず一覧で見ておくと、「ああこれ前置詞だな」と分かって便利です。前置詞+特定の定冠詞がセットになった短縮形もあるので注意(たとえばin demはimになることがある)。 ### 動詞 動詞は人称変化します。とりあえず現在形の語尾6種類だけでも覚えましょう。不規則なやつもそこそこありますが、Wiktionaryや電子辞書などで適切に調べればたいてい原形を出してくれます。覚えるのは後回しでOK。最低限「この形はなんとなく動詞っぽいな」ということが分かればいいのです。 ### 分離動詞 意外と出てこない……気がする。一応文法を把握しておいた方がいいとは思う。 ### 助動詞 動詞の**原形**と結びつく動詞が存在します。 ### 平叙文の語順 平叙文の場合、句(名詞句や副詞など)ごとに区切るとメインの動詞(本動詞)は**絶対に**2番目に来ます。 本動詞がさらに動詞を取る(本動詞が助動詞である)場合、残りの動詞は後ろに来ます。たとえばIch kann Deutsch sprechen. という文章においてkann(原形können)はさらに動詞sprechenを取っています。なのでsprechenは最後です。 ### 従属接続詞 従属節の中の本動詞が一番最後に来ます。Ich kann Deutsch sprechen. が従属節になるとich Deutsch sprechen kannになります。動詞は後ろから順です。 ### 関係代名詞・関係副詞 「これ定冠詞/疑問詞として解釈すると変だぞ」というときは、この可能性を疑いましょう。教科書のこのあたりの記述はある程度目を通しておくべき。 ### zu不定詞 頻出です。「〜ということ」という名詞句を作ります……が、他にもいろいろ用法があるので注意しましょう。構文は取れても「このzu不定詞はどこに掛かってるの?」と悩むことが多い…… 従属節なので、当然動詞は一番最後です。動詞の直前にzuが入ります(分離動詞の場合は前綴と本体の間に挟まってauf**zu**stehenみたいになる)。 ### 現在分詞 動詞から作れます。「〜している」という意味の形容詞です。 ### 過去分詞 動詞から作れます。盲点になりがちなのが形容詞的用法で、自動詞なら「〜した」、他動詞なら「〜された」という意味になります。

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