Marco Contreras Herrera
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    --- title: Bases de Datos Relacionales description: Introducción a los conceptos fundamentales de las bases de datos relacionales --- <style> @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Victor+Mono:ital,wght@0,100..700;1,100..700&display=swap'); @import url('https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=JetBrains+Mono:ital,wght@0,100..800;1,100..800&display=swap'); /* HEADING */ h1 { font-family: "JetBrains Mono", monospace !important; font-weight: 900 !important; color: #fff !important; -webkit-text-stroke: 1px cyan; background: linear-gradient(135deg, #0f202798, #19191948, #2c232477); padding: 20px 30px; letter-spacing: 2px !important; text-transform: uppercase !important; text-shadow: 1px 1px 4px rgba(0,0,0,0.6); text-align: center; transition: transform .3s ease; border: 2px solid transparent; border-bottom-color: #063c44; } h1:hover { background: #00d4ff40; } h1.title { font-size: 110px !important; border-radius: 12px; border: 2px solid #00d4ff40; } h1.title:hover { transform: scale(1.08); box-shadow: 0 12px 35px rgba(0, 212, 255, 0.7); } h2, h3 { font-family: Roboto, serif !important; font-weight: 900 !important; letter-spacing: 2px !important; } .reveal p { font-size: 30px; } .reveal strong { color: #A6D2De !important; } </style> <!-- .slide: data-transition="fade-in zoom-out" --> <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url('https://i0.wp.com/keepler.io/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/keepler-data-tech-structuralia-relational-data-platform.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <!-- .slide: style="text-align: left" --> <style scoped> .equipo { position: fixed; bottom: -120px; left: 0px; display: flex; gap: 16px; padding: 12px 16px; border-radius: 16px; font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; z-index: 9999; } .miembro { display: flex; align-items: center; gap: 10px; background: #00000070; padding: 6px 10px; border-radius: 12px; color: cyan; font-weight: bolder; font-size: 20px; white-space: nowrap; border: 2px solid #00d4ff40; transition: transform 0.2s ease; } .miembro:hover { transform: scale(1.05); color: cyan; font-weight: bold; } .miembro img { width: 32px; height: 32px; border-radius: 50%; object-fit: cover; border: 2px solid #00d4ff; } </style> <h1 class="title"> Bases de Datos<br>Relacionales</h1> <div class="equipo"> <a href="mailto:marco.contreras11@inacapmail.cl"> <div class="miembro"> <img src="https://ui-avatars.com/api/?name=Marco+Contreras&background=0072ff&color=fff" alt="Marco"> <span>Marco Contreras</span> </div> </a> <a href="mailto:mauro.valdivia@inacapmail.cl"> <div class="miembro"> <img src="https://ui-avatars.com/api/?name=Mauro+Valdivia&background=00c6ff&color=fff" alt="Mauro"> <span>Mauro Valdivía</span> </div> </a> <a href="mailto:francisco.santander16@inacapmail.cl"> <div class="miembro"> <img src="https://ui-avatars.com/api/?name=Francisco+Santander&background=00aaff&color=fff" alt="Francisco"> <span>Francisco Santander</span> </div> </a> </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="slide-in fade-out" style="text-align:left" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1),rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.1)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:46px !important">📚 Concepto de Bases de Datos</h1> Cuando hablamos de **bases de datos**, solemos pensar automáticamente en el __modelo relacional__: 📊 tablas, claves, relaciones… Sin embargo, __esto no siempre fue así__. Antes del desarrollo del modelo relacional, __existieron otros enfoques para organizar los datos__. --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="slide-in convex-out" style="text-align:left" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.2), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:38px !important">🚀 Introducción a los Modelos de Datos</h1> <div style="max-width: 1000px; margin: 40px auto; line-height: 1.9;"> 📌 Los modelos de datos definen **cómo se organiza y accede la información**. 📌 Son la base de la evolución de las bases de datos, desde estructuras jerárquicas hasta sistemas distribuidos en la nube. 📌 Más que tecnología, representan una **forma de pensar los datos**. </div> --- <style> img[alt="timeline"] { margin: 0 auto 0 -360px; } </style> <!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom-in fade-out" style="display:flex; justify-content: center" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.89), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:41px !important">🕒 Evolución de las Bases de Datos</h1> ![timeline](https://mermaid.ink/img/pako:eNqNk9Guk0AQhl9ls97QBBugBQp3trXJMadttMZEw83ATttV2K0D6Olp-jA-iy_mLrWV6NHI1TL7_f_8O7AnXmiBPOWNrLCUCjOVKWYeP4k8lrKl2S11zV4hff9Gn1tZaHZkAtkbFMy5W25cNlvPX2ze3w-uuviXzlAlFFIrKJnzUuyA2GLIZloI9pzdTZc3zcRqNrJusIK6p8La0BVSIbu1syYoSnTZfBq4bPP6nm2QviDdfBLrM4XasCbjHBoTfU0SVQPCGANb5x_RFC984HlP8CttjZ2lVjs9n5rzQV2DEgSDq8p_QoWKlcBWbY7MWUjC3GybnEcFlXG5SQMrXeFX2-LI8quH6DyEGQDJvJU2qzPTxSfSUOxtiAW0Cgbc5TuSgqdbKI09N5OpwL7zk22Q8WaPFWY8NUvrnXG3V38HJCE3c7TA6ZIo4weSFdBxpktNF-WzkSh-KnvAW3xo-tB2u_0TmmoSSH0sCIMeZv-wv3eqsdBK_DNMg9TI_yJ-z1sUScYtdM7U2QzyAOqD1hVPG2rNKEm3u_1tsO3BfBGcS9gRVLcqoepO16qGp37kJ50LT0_8gaexNwz9cOKNTd0L43Di8iNPJ9FwNPaDZBTFfjKK4-js8seurTechGE48hI_jsbj0PNil6OQjabl5UZ2F_P8A3QgHLg?type=png =1300x) --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="fade-in convex-out" --> <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <!-- .slide: style="text-align:left" --> <style scoped> .card-container { display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; gap: 20px; justify-content: center; margin-top: 30px; } .card { background: linear-gradient(135deg, #00202b, #111); color: white; padding: 20px; border-radius: 16px; width: 31%; text-align: center; box-shadow: 0 6px 12px rgba(0,0,0,0.4); font-family: 'Segoe UI', sans-serif; } .card:hover { background: #00d4ff40; } .card h3 { margin-bottom: 10px; font-size: 23px; color: #00c6ff; } .card p { font-size: 18px; color: #ddd; } </style> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:49px !important">🗃️ Modelos de Datos</h1> <div class="card-container"> <div class="card"> <h3><a href="#modelo_jerarquico">Jerárquico</a></h3> <p>Estructura tipo árbol. Cada nodo tiene un único padre. Rápido pero rígido.</p> </div> <div class="card"> <h3><a href="#modelo_red">Red</a></h3> <p>Permite múltiples relaciones entre datos. Más flexible que el jerárquico.</p> </div> <div class="card"> <h3><a href="#modelo_relacional">Relacional</a></h3> <p>Organiza los datos en tablas. Usa SQL. Es el modelo más utilizado.</p> </div> <div class="card"> <h3>Orientado a Objetos</h3> <p>Incorpora características de la programación orientada a objetos.</p> </div> <div class="card"> <h3>NoSQL / Documental</h3> <p>Almacena documentos JSON. Flexible y escalable. Ideal para big data.</p> </div> <div class="card"> <h3>Grafos</h3> <p>Modela relaciones entre nodos. Ideal para redes sociales y rutas.</p> </div> </div> --- <style scoped> img[alt="ims"] { border-radius: 30px; } </style> <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:39px !important">📍 Antes del Modelo Relacional</h1> <p style="text-align: left">En los años 60, las bases de datos seguían <strong>modelos jerárquicos</strong> o en <strong>red</strong>. Estos sistemas eran complejos, rígidos y dependían mucho del hardware.</p> ___IMS ( Information Management System )___ _de IBM, uno de los primeros sistemas de bases de datos jerárquicas._ [![ims](https://wetalkbusiness.com.au/wp-content/uploads/2024/02/Integrated-Management-System-IMS-Sydney-1024x538.jpg =330x)](https://www.ibm.com/es-es/products/ims) --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" id="modelo_jerarquico" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:45px !important">🌲 Modelo Jerárquico</h1> ![Modelo Jerarquico](https://mermaid.ink/img/pako:eNptk0tu2zAQhq9CTLeKQVHyS4sCSdxlgC6Cog91wZgjW6kkEiMaiGt40V6gKHKAAEEO2COUpCrVj2hF_d_PnzNDaQdLrRAyWJE0a3a7yBvGSGv75c_T40_2rjaErfzqVYXGxk7-9cwWaCRZWWNjNYsHKl6hIlCsjd_6-8UnViiVZpc9ECfgqgfJCbgOwJC-91mPP9h70ltcukM-DkSckE-O9C2xi4u3XRdnihgaDJIv90wZPKJXkr61IITC-p4Gxe2CyE23VJAVsmoxghqplv4ddt6eg11jjTlkbnknW7eKOl1J-nbjrscjSxuMDuwfJJXyrsLWw5DjnxwMlbWk7bWuNHWRbzgXXMz_pR65bvHBHjqLonjNdqVJIR0a45QfGauywUO-jIsCj7NaXOpGnZU2iflxlEWy5Ykt1NVZ9nmzdwM1svmsdQ1ZmAuQ3qzWw4A3RkmLi1K6j_q_BZvQxKaxkE3SWciAbAcPkMVzMUqm6Xw2HU95KmbTNIItZGI8SsbzCefJxMnJLE32EXwPx_KR80aAqrSabrpfyPVXlCvY_wWB_BLE?type=png =900x) --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="fade-in slide-out" data-background-video="https://cdn.pixabay.com/video/2018/05/24/16425-272487404_large.mp4" data-background-video-muted data-background-autoplay --> :::info La __principal desventaja del modelo jerárquico es su rigidez__. Cada nodo tiene un único padre, lo que dificulta representar relaciones complejas o múltiples entre datos ::: --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" id="modelo_red" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:39px !important">🕸️ Modelo de Redes</h1> ![](https://mermaid.ink/img/pako:eNptU0uO1DAUvIplNLtMK7HzXyAxkxYSYkTUGiE-zcKTON1GiR05jpih1Qs2bNEMB0BC3IAjcBNOwBHwp9UKTXapV_Xq1XuKd7ASNYU5bFrxodoSqcDz1ZoDcHYGnsqxFwOoBAe0E-_ZACgHra5wUYvBiIrg7Z9vX76Dgva6k3SUKwGCd5ZCMxTSlCGXpu_-B3hipUvk0IVD2KHLg7Y02q-fwCvLlsih1wdWx1zRllRMcDqAYlleg9-fH8DyqnT5wPn5Yz1uCpCLNwPwnKe2spbl6sUzl92Ky8BFnwHIrXEER08lBWmZOYU2__WT59bUupvkblvbVgRuWQcQ9OBGshrmDWkH6sGOyo4YDHdGt4ZqSzu6hrn-vCGD_vIm9ZdEMnLT0sEIbIOhesk6Iu8uRSuk63zk-8hH2aF5ormmt2qqa5rmf9GFkDWVUxmK0ETWMk6nbJykTTodNlD9p9Unkf4dpahU7ESBwjCbkZxmriqtMqL9mu_1PXvC3wjRwVzJUV9UinGzPd537GuiaMHIRpLuWJWU2w1HrmAe4BhbF5jv4C3Mk3gRBVGKcBYHOEyTzIN3uposcBigNIswwqFeee_Bj3asv0ijKMJ-FiRxGEa-n3iQ1kwJeeUepH2X-7-WOR4z?type=png =1100x) --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="slide-in zoom-out" data-background-video="https://cdn.pixabay.com/video/2017/11/02/12716-241674181_large.mp4" data-background-video-muted --> :::warning Aunque el modelo de red resolvía muchas de las limitaciones del modelo jerárquico, su principal desventaja era la **complejidad**. La navegación entre registros dependía de punteros y rutas predefinidas, lo que dificultaba tanto el desarrollo como el __mantenimiento__ del sistema. ::: --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="slide-in zoom-out" id="modelo_relacional" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:39px !important">📊 Modelo Relacional</h1> ![](https://mermaid.ink/img/pako:eNqVlNtu4jAQhl8lmlXv0ionEuK7FOiq6nIQiyp1FWnlJgO1mtiRY6SylHevc1igELZaX3k8n_-x_7G8hUSkCARQDhldSZrH3NBjNJ79GEXDqbFt4mowrgyW_sa8yJCmwpg9HHKlkoyvDC7yZ4lnW1IsqFQ0R66Ecddu28W8mQxHs2i-iMajyaKr3qfNX9Tca87m06fRoFOvkGKDyX9oRT_vv0-iwf10QggpRY5JRsvyX87cPVyuenb9qytjjhlNmOBYdjjy_n59LbaHjhBDMeR40qeWOpxVc5VvLGEFPfGki2U8ydabVhVMWEmWAlnSrEQTcpQ5rWKoLx2DesEcYyB6mlL5GoPZrFfBWD-oKqXkGs0j_JFKRp8zfUedbM2LoZAsp3IzEJmQjeA3y3IsJ2w1j5gFvqljLkmSc-hWyBTlMeZ5vhUcy5WYCJ52ssvlsgs8rXx2Qu0Ov31dXUpzbcmpxudSGeN4OatQN_Irl_5Clw5bcfrR7XRzC8p_CZEDqXsEUqxXL_tmr4uUKmx_g_2qRF57teYKSGgFtQiQLbzp0L4JXCuw3H7PduzQC03YAOmHN5Zr2b5nh77dD5xgZ8Kfuqqlcd_t9Xzfcb1ev-87JmDKlJDj5jOq_6TdB6KyYRY?type=png =550x) --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="slide-in fade-out" id="modelo_relacional" data-background-video="https://videos.pexels.com/video-files/3130284/3130284-uhd_2560_1440_30fps.mp4" data-background-video-muted --> :::success En el __modelo relacional__, los datos se organizan en tablas relacionadas entre sí mediante claves. Esto __mejora la flexibilidad__, __integridad__ y la __consulta de datos__. ::: --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" style="text-align: left" --> <h1 style="font-size: 35px !important">¿Por qué es importante almacenar y procesar datos?</h1> <div style="color: #f1f1f1; font-size: 1.1rem; max-width: 800px; margin: auto;"> En la era digital, los datos son el **activo más valioso** de las organizaciones. La forma en que se almacenan, organizan y procesan define su valor. Durante los años 60, los modelos jerárquico y de red eran rígidos y complejos, dificultando el acceso flexible a la información. Fue entonces que, en los años 70, [**Edgar F. Codd**](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Frank_Codd) propuso __el Modelo Relacional__, revolucionando la forma en que entendemos las bases de datos. Este modelo trajo <span style="color: #e7ad52; font-weight: 600">seguridad</span>, <span style="color: #e7ad52; font-weight: 600">integridad</span> y una <span style="color: #e7ad52; font-weight: 600">estructura lógica clara</span>, facilitando la consulta, el mantenimiento y la escalabilidad. </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="fade-in convex-out" --> <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.3), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.6)), url('https://hackmd.io/_uploads/r1VUCMTfgg.png') left/contain no-repeat" data-background-color="#222" --> <div style='width: 50%; margin-left: auto; text-align: left'> <h2 style="font-size: 50px !important">Comienzo de los 70</h2> El científico e informático inglés [__Edgar Frank Codd__](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Frank_Codd), definió y estableció el __modelo relacional__ y publicó una serie de reglas para los sistemas de datos relacionales a través de su artículo _"Un Modelo Relacional de Datos para Grandes Bancos de Datos Compartidos"_ y que hoy en día se siguen aplicando.<br/> Artículo Original 👇 <br/><a href='https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/362384.362685'>https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/362384.362685</a> </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom-in zoom-out" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:42px !important">📅 Primeras Implementaciones</h1> - [**System R**](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_R) ( IBM, años 70 ) - Prototipo que demuestra la viabilidad del modelo relacional - Da origen al lenguaje **SQL** - [**Ingres**](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingres_(database)) ( Universidad de California, Berkeley ) - Proyecto académico que influye en varios RDBMS comerciales --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="zoom-in zoom-out" data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9)), url('https://image.slidesdocs.com/responsive-images/slides/2-dark-simple-office-general-work-summary-powerpoint-background_c00cd3b8a8__960_540.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" style="text-align: left" --> <h1 style="text-align: center; font-size:45px !important">El origen de la Normalización</h1> 🔎 Tras proponer el Modelo Relacional, [**Edgar F. Codd**](https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edgar_Frank_Codd) introdujo el concepto de **normalización** como un mecanismo para mejorar el diseño de bases de datos: 📊 **Evitar redundancias** 🔄 **Mejorar la consistencia** ⚠️ **Prevenir anomalías en inserciones, actualizaciones o eliminaciones** 💬 Codd introdujo la **Primera Forma Normal (1FN)** en su artículo original de 1970, sentando las bases para una serie de formas normales que evolucionarían después. --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0,0,0,0.6), rgba(0,0,0,0.9)), url('https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/58/Edgar_F_Codd.jpg') left/contain no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <div style="font-size: 2.3rem; color: #ffffffcc; font-style: italic; text-align: center; margin: 2rem 0 0 auto; max-width: 50%;"> ❝Una base de datos bien diseñada es aquella que ha sido <strong style="color:#fa6;">normalizada</strong>.❞ <p style="text-align: center; color: #bbb; font-size: 1.7rem; margin-top: 1rem;"> — Inspirado en los principios de Edgar F. Codd </p> </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(to right, #191919dd, #222222aa), url('https://static.vecteezy.com/system/resources/thumbnails/006/654/437/small/digital-cyberspace-and-data-network-connections-transfer-digital-data-high-speed-internet-technology-digital-data-in-the-future-background-concept-photo.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> <h2 style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px; font-size: 39px !important; border: 0">🌐 Entornos Comunes de las Bases de Datos Relacionales</h2> <div style="display: grid; grid-template-columns: 1fr 1fr; gap: 1.5rem; font-size: 1.7rem; color: #fff; max-width: 90%; margin: auto;"> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">🏦 Sector financiero</strong><br> Gestión de cuentas, transacciones y registros bancarios. </div> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">🏥 Salud</strong><br> Historiales médicos, citas, inventarios farmacéuticos. </div> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">🛍️ Comercio electrónico</strong><br> Productos, usuarios, pedidos, pagos y análisis de ventas. </div> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">🎓 Educación</strong><br> Matrículas, calificaciones, cursos y control académico. </div> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">🛠️ Sistemas empresariales</strong><br> ERP, CRM, gestión de recursos y toma de decisiones. </div> <div style="background: rgba(255,255,255,0.05); padding: 1rem; border-radius: 12px;"> <strong style="color: #fc5; font-size: 24px">📊 Análisis de datos</strong><br> Consultas complejas, reportes y minería de datos estructurados. </div> </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-transition="fade-in zoom" --> <!-- .slide: style="background: linear-gradient(#222c, #1114); border-radius: 8px; border: 1px solid #ccc5" --> <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.4), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.5)), url('https://png.pngtree.com/thumb_back/fh260/background/20231105/pngtree-blank-dark-wallpaper-elegant-black-texture-background-image_13747095.png') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> ![PostgreSQL](https://hackmd.io/_uploads/SyKdktUMlx.png =250x250) ## PostgreSQL <p style="color: #7fc">RDBMS • Open Source • Robusto</p> --- ## 📜 __Historia de PostgreSQL__ - **1986** – Inicia como proyecto académico en la Universidad de California, Berkeley, liderado por **Michael Stonebraker**. - **1989** – Se crea **POSTGRES**, sucesor de Ingres. - **1996** – Se añade soporte para SQL y el proyecto se renombra a **PostgreSQL**. - Desde entonces, ha evolucionado con aportes de una activa comunidad global. --- ### Evolución - 🔹 **Ingres**: Sistema relacional temprano con gran impacto académico - 🔹 **Postgres**: Introduce tipos complejos, reglas, extensibilidad - 🔹 **PostgreSQL**: Combina lo mejor de Postgres + SQL estándar --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.9), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), url('https://proventa.de/wp-content/uploads/2021/03/Postgres_Implementieren.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> ## 🚀 __Características Destacadas__ - Código abierto y gratuito ( licencia PostgreSQL ). - Soporte completo para SQL. - Índices avanzados: B-tree, GiST, GIN, BRIN. - Extensibilidad: funciones en múltiples lenguajes ( PL/pgSQL, Python, etc. ). - Alta confiabilidad, integridad y seguridad de datos. --- ## 📚 __Características Clave__ <div style="display:flex; gap:25px; flex-wrap: wrap; justify-content: space-between; margin-top:30px;"> <div class="card" style="background:#222; border-radius:12px; padding:25px; flex:1 1 280px; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); text-align:center;"> <img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/3037/3037354.png" width="70" alt="ACID icon" style="filter: invert(1)" /> <h3 style="margin-top:15px;">🔒 ACID</h3> <p>Garantiza transacciones confiables con atomicidad, consistencia, aislamiento y durabilidad.</p> </div> <div class="card" style="background:#222; border-radius:12px; padding:25px; flex:1 1 280px; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); text-align:center;"> <img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/616/616408.png" width="70" alt="Schemas icon" /> <h3 style="margin-top:15px;">📂 Esquemas</h3> <p>Organiza objetos en espacios lógicos para evitar conflictos y controlar permisos.</p> </div> <div class="card" style="background:#222; border-radius:12px; padding:25px; flex:1 1 280px; box-shadow: 0 5px 15px rgba(0,0,0,0.25); text-align:center;"> <img src="https://cdn-icons-png.flaticon.com/512/1077/1077114.png" width="70" alt="Roles icon" style="filter:invert(1)"/> <h3 style="margin-top:15px;">👥 Roles</h3> <p>Gestiona usuarios y grupos con permisos finos y herencia.</p> </div> </div> --- <!-- .slide: data-background="linear-gradient(rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.7), rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.8)), url('https://cdn.vectorstock.com/i/500p/67/83/cybersecurity-data-protection-vector-46786783.jpg') center/cover no-repeat" data-background-color="#000" --> ## 🔐 __Seguridad Robusta__ - Autenticación: `MD5`, `SCRAM`, certificados, LDAP, Kerberos. - Conexiones seguras mediante **TLS/SSL**. - **Control de acceso a nivel de rol, esquema, tabla y fila (RLS)**. - Auditoría con extensiones como `pgaudit`. --- <!-- .slide: data-background="url('https://i.gifer.com/13Gx.gif') center/cover" --> <h1 style="border: 0"> FIN </h1>

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