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    # Python 101 ###### tags: 2022電機營教學組 ## Syntax Syntax是學習程式語言的基本。 ## print() 將括弧中的object印出。 ```python print("Hello, world!") print("Hello, Jimmy!")# Say hello to Jimmy ``` ## Variable 儲存資料的容器,利用 "=" assign ```python # if his name is Jimmy... name = "Jimmy" print("Hello,", name) ``` ### 命名原則 * 以 _ 、英文字開頭 * 不包含 _ 以外的符號 * 大小寫有別 * 避免使用keyword(已經有其他定義/用途的字,見[這裡](https://docs.python.org/3/reference/lexical_analysis.html#keywords)) ### Text Sequence Type * 這種類別的物件被稱為 String * 由 “” 或 ‘’ 標示 * 利用 input() 可獲取輸入的 String ```python # Ask his/her name first! name = input("What's your name?") print("Hello,", name) ``` * '+' 可用於接合複數 String ```python name1 = "Amy" name2 = "Jenny" names = name1 + " and " + name2 print(names + " are my best friend!") ``` ### Numeric Type * int, float, complex * operator * +-*/ 加減乘除 * % mod(取餘數) * // 整數除法 * \** 次方 ```python print("Input your score...") #Since input() returns String, use float() to convert their type chinese = float(input("Chinese score:")) english = float(input("English score:")) math = float(input("Math score:")) average = (chinese + english + math)/3 print("Your average score is", average) ``` ### String Formatting -- f-string 結合 String 與其他 variable * f"{value} some other text" ```python name = input("input your name:") print("input your score...") chinese = float(input("Chinese score:")) english = float(input("English score:")) math = float(input("Math score:")) average = (chinese + english + math)/3 print(f"{name}'s average score is {average}") ``` ## if...else 用於條件判斷、流程控制。 若對應的條件為真,則執行其中的程式碼,否則進入對應的 else (elif 代表else if)。 * 判斷數字的正負 ```python number = int(input("input a integer")) if number>0: print("It's positive") elif number==0: print("Is's zero") else: print("It's negative") ``` ### Relational operator 比較兩旁的 variable * \>(大於)、<(小於) * ==(等於) * !=(不等於) * \>=(大於等於)、<=(小於等於) ### Boolean and Logical Operations Boolean 為 Variable 的一種,有 True (是,1)與 False (否,0)兩種數值。 * Logical Operation * and (且,兩者皆1時為1,否則為0) * or (或,兩者皆0時為0,否則為1) * not (對右側判斷式/ boolean 生效,顛倒右側真假性) 判斷輸入分數是否合理 ```python score = float(input("input your score:")) if score>=0 and score<=100: print("It's valid.") else: print("It's not valid.") ``` ## while loop 若條件成立,則執行迴圈中動作,並再次判定條件。 ```python while <condition>: action ``` 例子: 利用 while loop 設計猜數字遊戲 ```python answer = int(input("input a positive integer:")) guess = int(input("guess the number:")) while guess!=answer: if(guess>answer): print("It's bigger than the answer.") elif(guess<answer): print("It's smaller than the answer.") guess = int(input("guess the number:")) print("You win!") ``` ### break and continue * break 在迴圈中遇到時,跳出此層迴圈。 * continue 在迴圈中遇到時,跳過迴圈中剩餘的動作,回到頂部判斷條件。 **Exercise 1** while loop 藉由二分法可以查找在給定兩數 $x_1, x_2$ 間連續函數$f(x)$的根。假定 $x_1, x_2$ 間只有一個根 $x_0$,且$f(x_1)$與$f(x_2)$異號;令 $x={(x_1+x_2)}/{2}$,若$f(x)$與$f(x_1)$同號,則將 $x_1$ 以此 $x$ 替換,反之則將 $x_2$ 以此 $x$ 替換。此方法的誤差 $\delta=|x-x_0|\le|x_1-x_2|/2$ ,請估計$\sqrt{2}$ 並使誤差小於$10^{-6}$。(提示:考慮$f(x)=x^2-2$) ## List List,可以只用一個變數名稱,儲存一群資料。 舉例來說,假設我們要儲存小隊員的身高,那寫12個變數就會顯得很麻煩,但是如果我們所有人的身高儲存在一個叫做member的list中的話,那麼不但變得比較方便,看起來也比較整潔。 ### Declaration : ```python blank = [] height = [172 , 180 , 175 , 183 , 190] classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker'] num = [[1, 3, 5], [2, 4, 6]] ``` ### Index : (list的編號從0開始) ```python classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker'] print(classmates[1]) ## Eric print(classmates[4]) ## IndexError: list index out of range ``` ### Slicing : ```python classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker'] #list[x:y] means "from index x to index y-1" print(classmates[1:3]) ## ['Eric', 'Max'] #[x:] means "from index x to the end" print(classmates[2:]) ## ['Max', 'Walker'] #[:-y] means "from index 0 to the y+1 one from the last" print(classmates[:-2]) ## ['Bob', 'Eric'] ``` ### Basic Methods : 1. len(list) : 取得list的元素個數 ```python classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker'] L = len(classmates) print(L) ## 4 ``` 2. list.append(x) : 從list後面新增一個元素 x ```python classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker'] classmates.append('Evelyn') print(classmates) ## ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] ``` 3. list.pop(int a) : 刪除 list 中第 a 個元素,若括號中沒有放入任何數字,將預設為刪除最後一個元素 ```python classmates = ['Bob', 'Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] classmates.pop(0) print(classmates) ## ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] ``` 4. list.insert(int a, x) : 在 index a 的位置插入元素 x ```python classmates = ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] classmates.insert(3, 'David') print(classmates) ## ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'David', 'Evelyn'] ``` ### Copying a list : 1. Assignments(=) ```python classmates = ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] bffs = classmates bffs.pop(1) print(classmates) ## [['Eric', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] print(bffs) ## ['Eric', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] ``` 2. list.copy() : ```python classmates = ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] bffs = classmates.copy() bffs.pop(1) print(classmates) ## ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] print(bffs) ## ['Eric', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] ``` 3. copy.deepcopy(list_name) : ```python import copy classmates = ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] bffs = copy.deepcopy(classmates) bffs.pop(1) print(classmates) ## ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] print(bffs) ## ['Eric', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] ``` ### Common applications : 1. for x in list : 對 list 內的所有元素執行以下動作 ```python bffs = ['Eric', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] for bff in bffs: print(bff," , lets go to the movies together !") ## Eric , lets go to the movies together ! ## Walker , lets go to the movies together ! ## Evelyn , lets go to the movies together ! ``` 2. list comprehensions : ```python classmates = ['Eric', 'Max', 'Walker', 'Evelyn'] L = len(classmates) seet_number = [x+1 for x in range(L)] print(seet_number) ## [1, 2, 3, 4] stds_on_duty = [classmates[i] for i in range(L) if seet_number[i]%2 == 1] print(stds_on_duty) ## ['Eric', 'Walker'] ``` **Exercise 2** List operation 請在 todo 的地方填入適當的 list operation 使得結果印出 "NTUEE" ```python camp = ["N", "A", "T", "U", "R", "E"] ### TODO: ### print(f'result = {result}') result = ''.join(camp) # output = "NTUEE" ``` * More details and applications are shown in the official sites of python : [https://docs.python.org/zh-tw/3/tutorial/datastructures.html#more-on-lists] ## for loop 遍歷(enumerate)一個物件中的元素 ```python for variable in obj: action ``` * break 與 continue 同樣適用 for loop ### range(start, stop) * 生成一個如[start, start+1..., stop-1]的數字序列(從 start 開始,到 stop-1 結束)。 * start 若被省略(意即range()中只有一個 argument),則預設為0。 #### 範例(用於執行指定次數) 1. 列印簡易聖誕樹 ```python print(" "*4 + "*"*1) print(" "*3 + "*"*3) for i in range(2):# 3 layers print(" "*2 + "*"*5) print(" "*1 + "*"*7) print(" "*0 + "*"*9) for i in range(2):# trunk print(" "*3 + "*"*3 ) ## * ## *** ## ***** ## ******* ##********* ## ***** ## ******* ##********* ## *** ## *** ``` 2. factorial(階乘) ```python n = int(input("input a integer:")) ans = 1 for i in range(1, n+1): ans *= i # ans = ans * i print(ans)# factorial ``` ### Nested loop 迴圈中含有迴圈,稱作nested(巢狀) loop。 #### 範例 : 九九乘法表 ```python for i in range(1,10):# let i from 1 to 9 for j in range(1,10):# for a fixed i, let j from 1 to 9 print(f"{j}*{i} = {i*j:<{2}}",end=" ") print() ``` ## Function 以下這段程式碼功能簡單,若每次使用都需要重複一次卻會有些繁瑣。 ```python average = (chinese + english + math)/3 ``` 因此,我們可以將一連串動作函數化,增加程式可重複利用性、可讀性。(如前文之print()、input()等) ```python def average(Ch, En, math): return (Ch+En+math)/3 #for Chinese, English, math = 90, 78, 93 print(f"Average score is{average(90, 78, 93)}") ``` ### rules * pass by keyword 因為使用者未必能知道(或記得)函數中的 argument(引數)順序,在 python 中也可透過名稱識別。 ```python def weighted_average(ch, en, math): return (ch+en+math*3)/5 #for Chinese, English, math = 90,76,65 print(weighted_average(en=76, math=65, ch=90)) ``` * default argument * 呼叫函數時若未提供數值,自動設定為預設值 * 要由右而左填入 ```python def print_score(score, name = "John"): print(f"{name} gets {score}.") return print_score(score = 98) ## "John gets 98" ``` ### recursion(遞迴) 讓 function 呼叫(call) 它自己,並在某個條件下跳出 #### 範例: factorial(階乘) ```python def factorial(n): if n==0: return 1 else: return n * factorial(n-1) print(factorial(4)) ## 4 * factorial(3) ## = 4 * (3 * factorial(2)) ## = 4 * 3 * (2 * factorial(1)) ## = 4 * 3 * 2 * 1 = 4! = 24 ``` ## Dict dict就是dictionary,dict_name[] 中的[]放的是keyword,而字典裡對應到keyword的東西是唯一的。當資料量很大的時候,可以透過 keyword 快速找到想要的資料。 keyword 可以是任何不可變的型別,如字串和數字。但我們無法使用 list 當作keyword,因為 list 可以經由 slice assignment, append(),extend() 等 methods 被修改。(TypeError: unhashable type: 'list') ### Common ways of construction: 1. dict_name = { key_a: a , key_b: b ,...} 2. dict_name[key_x] = x ```python birthdays = {'Eric': '0312','Max': '0511','Walker': '0808'} birthdays['Evelyn'] = '0218' print(birthdays['Evelyn']) ## 0218 ``` ### Useful methods: 1. del dict_name[key_x] : 刪除鍵值對 x 2. key_x in / not in dict_name : 判斷 key_x 是否在dict內 ```python del birthdays['Eric'] print(birthdays) ## {'Max': '0511', 'Walker': '0808', 'Evelyn': '0218'} print('Eric' in birthdays) ## False print('Eric' not in birthdays) ## True ``` **Exercise 2** Fibbonacci sequence 已知斐波那契數列 (Fibonacci sequence) 定義如下: $F_0=0,~F_1=1$ $F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2},~\rm {for}$$~n\ge{2}$ 又 $\lim_{n\rightarrow{\infty}}\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}=\phi=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$,請計算第51和第50項的比值,藉此估計 $\phi$。 ## class - 可以想成是一堆variables以及functions的集合。利用class來整理程式,可以從原本的函式導向轉換為物件導向,就能更容易維持某些共同特性,讓程式更有條理,在許多地方非常常用。 - 在程式中,可能存在許多 Object (物件),底下可能包括基本資訊 (attribute) ,以及可能的操作 (member method)。 - syntax - 產生class ```python class <className>: ``` - 建立時initialize(初始化) attribute, self指的是自己這個object ```python def __init__(self, <parameters>): ... ``` - 加入functions ```python def <method>(self, ...): ... ``` - 建立class後,產生object,並access/call ```python <variableName> = <className>() # initialize <object>.<attribute> # 存取屬性 <object>.<method>() # 執行方法 ``` - Example ```python= class Transcript: def __init__(self, name, ch=0, en=0): self.name = name self.ch = ch self.en = en def en_result(self): '''check whether his/her English score fail or not''' if self.en < 60: print("Ohh! You failed your English!") else: print("Congratulation! You passed your English!") # name = Nick , Chinese = 50 , English = 80 student1 = Transcript("Nick", 50, 80) # change his English score to 55 student1.en = 55 student1.en_result() # output: Ohh! your English is failed! ``` Supplement: Fstring & Dunder Method ```python= class Transcript: def __init__(self, name, ch=0, en=0): self.name = name self.ch = ch self.en = en def __str__(self): return f"{self.name}'s English score is {self.en}." student1 = Transcript("Nick", 50, 80) print(student1) # output: Nick's English score is 80. ``` ## Script and Module 在上面的例子裡,如果我們打開一個 .py file並且用terminal執行 這樣的檔案叫做一份script。 ### Script(程式檔案) 一般而言,python的編譯是一次執行一行。但如果我們想要把程式碼都打好再一次執行,就像剛剛我們做的那樣,我們就必須使用Script功能。製作Script檔的方式很簡單,請大家先開啟一個檔案(.py檔為佳),並輸入以下指令。 ```python= total1 = 1 + 1 print(total1) total2 = 3 * 3 print(total2) ``` 儲存成 test.py,即完成一份Python srcipt了! 接著打開terminal,進入test.py所在的資料夾。 並輸入以下指令。 ```python= python test.py #執行test.py檔 ``` 有些版本的python指令有所不同,可能是以下這版。 ```python= python3 test.py #執行test.py檔 ``` 理論上,可以得到以下的結果 ``` 2 9 ``` ### Module(模組) 當我們寫的程式越來越長的時候,我們可能會需要分成多個檔案,以利於維護與管理。在python中,我們可以將一些自己定義的函數寫成一個檔案,稱為**module(模組)**。在**模組裡定義的函數可以import到其他檔案來做使用**。module(模組)的檔案名稱是module(模組)名稱加上 .py。 Example: **./mymath.py :** ```python= def sigma(num): total = 0 for i in range(num): total += (i+1) print(total) ``` **./main.py :** ```python= from mymath import sigma sigma(20) ``` 或 ```python= import mymath mymath.sigma(20) ``` 可得結果如下: ```python= 210 ``` **Exercise 3** module 為了執行以下程式碼,請寫出對應的模組 (module) 檔案。 ```python= import mymath a = mymath.sigma(5) b = mymath.factorial(5) print(a) ## 15 print(b) ## 120 ``` ## read document python一個很大的特點就是有許多模組,而且擴充性很好,這是它和很多程式語言的差異。但是也因此,很多東西都要自己查和自己看。 許多有名的library都會有document,提供範例以及method的argument如何擺放。遇到使用import的套件有報錯,也可以上網搜尋解決方法。 ### 下載與使用import module的方法 #### 範例1: Googletrans When you import googletrans, you can use the class Translator, which is defined in the module “googletrans”. 由於這些模組不是內建的,必須先下載。 下載方法是先打開Windows的cmd,並輸入以下指令 ``` bash pip install googletrans==4.0.0-rc1 ``` 接著輸入以下程式碼: ```python= import googletrans print(googletrans.Translator().translate('早上好中國', dest='en').text) ``` 還有一些有趣的語言 'en': 'english', 'es': 'spanish', 'fr': 'french', 'ja': 'japanese', 'ko': 'korean', 'zh-tw': 'chinese (traditional)'.... ##### To learn more languages: ```python= import googletrans print(googletrans.LANGUAGES) ``` #### 範例2: Art 接著我們來看Art模組 ```python= from art import * print(text2art('Hello world!')) ``` 看看可以print出什麼東西吧! ## Reference - https://docs.python.org/zh-tw/3/tutorial/modules.html ## Solutions **Exercise 1** while loop 藉由二分法可以查找在給定兩數 $x_1, x_2$ 間連續函數$f(x)$的根。假定 $x_1, x_2$ 間只有一個根 $x_0$,且$f(x_1)$與$f(x_2)$異號;令 $x={(x_1+x_2)}/{2}$,若$f(x)$與$f(x_1)$同號,則將 $x_1$ 以此 $x$ 替換,反之則將 $x_2$ 以此 $x$ 替換。此方法的誤差 $\delta=|x-x_0|\le|x_1-x_2|/2$ ,請估計$\sqrt{2}$ 並使誤差小於$10^{-6}$。(提示:考慮$f(x)=x^2-2$) 參考解答 ```python x1, x2 = 0, 2 while (x2-x1)/2>=10**(-6): x = (x2+x1)/2 if x**2-2<0: x1 = x else: x2 = x print(f"sqrt(2)~{(x1+x2)/2}") print(f"error={(x1+x2)/2-2**0.5}") ``` **Exercise 2** List operation 請在 todo 的地方填入適當的 list operation 使得結果印出 "NTUEE" ```python camp = ["N", "A", "T", "U", "R", "E"] ### TODO: ### print(f'result = {result}') result = ''.join(camp) # output = "NTUEE" ``` 參考解答 ```python camp = ["N", "A", "T", "U", "R", "E"] ### TODO: camp.append('E') camp.pop(-2) camp.pop(1) ### print(f'result = {result}') result = ''.join(camp) # output = "NTUEE" ``` **Exercise 3** Fibbonacci sequence 已知斐波那契數列 (Fibonacci sequence) 定義如下: $F_0=0,~F_1=1$ $F_n=F_{n-1}+F_{n-2},~\rm {for}$$~n\ge{2}$ 又 $\lim_{n\rightarrow{\infty}}\frac{F_n}{F_{n-1}}=\phi=\frac{1+\sqrt{5}}{2}$,請計算第51和第50項的比值,藉此估計 $\phi$。 參考解答(利用 for loop) ```python last = 0 # F_0 now = 1 # F_1 for i in range(50): temp = now now = last+now last = temp # you can also write: last, now = now, now+last print(f"F_51/F_50 = {now/last}") ``` 參考解答2(利用遞迴與 dict) ```python fib_dict={0:0,1:1} def fib(n): if n not in fib_dict: fib_dict[n]=fib(n-1)+fib(n-2) return fib_dict[n] print(f"F_51/F_50 = {fib(51)/fib(50)}") ``` **bonus question: 為何本題不能直接用遞迴定義計算? (提示:利用樹狀圖觀察$F_5$(或$F_n$)呼叫幾次$F_0+F_1$,以及思考該如何避免重複計算。)** 補充酷酷的答案 ```python from functools import lru_cache @lru_cache(maxsize=3) def fib(n): if n <= 1: return n return fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2) print(fib(100)) ``` **Exercise 4** module 為了執行以下程式碼,請寫出對應的模組(module)檔案。 ```python import mymath a = mymath.sigma(5) b = mymath.factorial(5) print(a) ## 15 print(b) ## 120 ``` 參考解答 ```python def sigma(n): if n < 0: print("invalid input") return elif n == 0: return 0 return n + sigma(n-1) def factorial(n): if n < 0: print("invalid input") return elif n == 0: return 1 return n * factorial(n-1) ```

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