Allen Tzeng
  • NEW!
    NEW!  Connect Ideas Across Notes
    Save time and share insights. With Paragraph Citation, you can quote others’ work with source info built in. If someone cites your note, you’ll see a card showing where it’s used—bringing notes closer together.
    Got it
      • Create new note
      • Create a note from template
        • Sharing URL Link copied
        • /edit
        • View mode
          • Edit mode
          • View mode
          • Book mode
          • Slide mode
          Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
        • Customize slides
        • Note Permission
        • Read
          • Only me
          • Signed-in users
          • Everyone
          Only me Signed-in users Everyone
        • Write
          • Only me
          • Signed-in users
          • Everyone
          Only me Signed-in users Everyone
        • Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
      • Invite by email
        Invitee

        This note has no invitees

      • Publish Note

        Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

        Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
        Your note is now live.
        This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
        Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

        Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

        Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

        Explore these features while you wait
        Complete general settings
        Bookmark and like published notes
        Write a few more notes
        Complete general settings
        Write a few more notes
        See published notes
        Unpublish note
        Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
        View profile
      • Commenting
        Permission
        Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Enable
      • Permission
        • Forbidden
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
        • Everyone
      • Suggest edit
        Permission
        Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
      • Enable
      • Permission
        • Forbidden
        • Owners
        • Signed-in users
      • Emoji Reply
      • Enable
      • Versions and GitHub Sync
      • Note settings
      • Note Insights New
      • Engagement control
      • Make a copy
      • Transfer ownership
      • Delete this note
      • Save as template
      • Insert from template
      • Import from
        • Dropbox
        • Google Drive
        • Gist
        • Clipboard
      • Export to
        • Dropbox
        • Google Drive
        • Gist
      • Download
        • Markdown
        • HTML
        • Raw HTML
    Menu Note settings Note Insights Versions and GitHub Sync Sharing URL Create Help
    Create Create new note Create a note from template
    Menu
    Options
    Engagement control Make a copy Transfer ownership Delete this note
    Import from
    Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
    Export to
    Dropbox Google Drive Gist
    Download
    Markdown HTML Raw HTML
    Back
    Sharing URL Link copied
    /edit
    View mode
    • Edit mode
    • View mode
    • Book mode
    • Slide mode
    Edit mode View mode Book mode Slide mode
    Customize slides
    Note Permission
    Read
    Only me
    • Only me
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Only me Signed-in users Everyone
    Write
    Only me
    • Only me
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Only me Signed-in users Everyone
    Engagement control Commenting, Suggest edit, Emoji Reply
  • Invite by email
    Invitee

    This note has no invitees

  • Publish Note

    Share your work with the world Congratulations! 🎉 Your note is out in the world Publish Note No publishing access yet

    Your note will be visible on your profile and discoverable by anyone.
    Your note is now live.
    This note is visible on your profile and discoverable online.
    Everyone on the web can find and read all notes of this public team.

    Your account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Your team account was recently created. Publishing will be available soon, allowing you to share notes on your public page and in search results.

    Explore these features while you wait
    Complete general settings
    Bookmark and like published notes
    Write a few more notes
    Complete general settings
    Write a few more notes
    See published notes
    Unpublish note
    Please check the box to agree to the Community Guidelines.
    View profile
    Engagement control
    Commenting
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    • Everyone
    Suggest edit
    Permission
    Disabled Forbidden Owners Signed-in users Everyone
    Enable
    Permission
    • Forbidden
    • Owners
    • Signed-in users
    Emoji Reply
    Enable
    Import from Dropbox Google Drive Gist Clipboard
       Owned this note    Owned this note      
    Published Linked with GitHub
    1
    • Any changes
      Be notified of any changes
    • Mention me
      Be notified of mention me
    • Unsubscribe
    Regularization 方法 : Weight Decay , Early Stopping and Dropout === ###### tags: `李宏毅` `Maching Learning` >* 本文內容節錄自Hung-yi Lee , [Machine Learning](http://speech.ee.ntu.edu.tw/~tlkagk/courses_ML17_2.html)(2017) 課程內容 : Tips for training DNN >* 本文圖片均來自於課程講義內容 > ## Weight-Decay Weight-Decay 其實就是我們最常說的 L1 / L2 regularization,但是為何加入了 regularizer 就會造成 weight decay ? 我們拿 L2 regularization 為例 $w_i^{t+1}\longleftarrow w_i^t-\eta\cdot \displaystyle{\frac{\partial L'}{\partial w_i}}$,where $L'(\boldsymbol{W})=L(\boldsymbol{W})+\lambda\cdot\sum\limits_{n=1}^{N}(w_n^t)^2$ $\Longrightarrow w_i^{t+1}\longleftarrow w_i^t-\eta\cdot(\displaystyle{\frac{\partial L}{\partial w_i}}+2\lambda w_i^t)$ $\Longrightarrow w_i^{t+1}\longleftarrow (1-2\eta\lambda)w_i^t-\eta\cdot\displaystyle{\frac{\partial L}{\partial w_i}}$ 從右邊第一項我們可以知道,進行參數更新時我們必然每一次都會將參數先乘上 $(1-2\eta\lambda)$ 這一項,這會導致參數會遞減並往0靠近 ( 因為 $1-2\eta\lambda<1$ ),這就是 weight decay 的精神所在。 ### Weight-Decay 的缺點 Weight decay 在實務上並不常用,原因是他的整體效果其實並沒有辦法比類似 Early-Stopping 這樣的 regularization 來的優秀,再加上必須另外添加 regularizer ,又不像 SVM 將 regularizer 直接寫進演算法內部。 </br> ## Early Stopping ![](https://i.imgur.com/5UVk0lX.png) 在講到 overfitting 的時候我們很常會看到這樣的圖,從這樣的曲線圖我們可以知道,在訓練的過程中,最佳的時間點就是在 $d_{vc}^*$ 這裡停止訓練,就可以得到一個最佳的 model。 然而我們怎麼知道 $d_{vc}^*$ 會在哪個時間點或是哪個 iteration 次數出現 ? 這就可以利用 Validation set 來做驗證。 </br> ## Dropout 這是一個在 Deep Learning 中獨特的 regularization 方式,在每一層中隨機停掉一定 %數的 neurons 來進行訓練 ![](https://i.imgur.com/jWfhiJl.png) 我們隨機停掉 neurons 換一個角度來說就是有很多多樣化的 neural network ,而將這些多樣化的 model 最後再統整起來 (Ensemble) 取得平均。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/b0affPm.png) <font color="#8e8e8e">但這裡有一個數學上的問題存在,這些 neural networks 利用 $p\%$ 訓練所得到的 average weights 最後要拿到 test data 中,就必須要將 training 所得 weights 乘以 $1-p\%$ 才會是我們比較希望得到的結果。 會有這樣的問題,直觀的來看,當我們進行 $p\%$ dropout 得到的權重,直接拿到沒有 dropout 的 test data 中,有可能會有 $\displaystyle{\frac{1}{p\%}}$ 倍數上的差異 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Er4Wr15.png) 因此我們必須要將這些考量進去才能在 test data 上有合理的結果出現。</font> ( 不過寫這段是僅供參考,現在的 toolkit 已經將這些轉換都寫進 dropout code 中 )

    Import from clipboard

    Paste your markdown or webpage here...

    Advanced permission required

    Your current role can only read. Ask the system administrator to acquire write and comment permission.

    This team is disabled

    Sorry, this team is disabled. You can't edit this note.

    This note is locked

    Sorry, only owner can edit this note.

    Reach the limit

    Sorry, you've reached the max length this note can be.
    Please reduce the content or divide it to more notes, thank you!

    Import from Gist

    Import from Snippet

    or

    Export to Snippet

    Are you sure?

    Do you really want to delete this note?
    All users will lose their connection.

    Create a note from template

    Create a note from template

    Oops...
    This template has been removed or transferred.
    Upgrade
    All
    • All
    • Team
    No template.

    Create a template

    Upgrade

    Delete template

    Do you really want to delete this template?
    Turn this template into a regular note and keep its content, versions, and comments.

    This page need refresh

    You have an incompatible client version.
    Refresh to update.
    New version available!
    See releases notes here
    Refresh to enjoy new features.
    Your user state has changed.
    Refresh to load new user state.

    Sign in

    Forgot password
    or
    Sign in via Google Sign in via Facebook Sign in via X(Twitter) Sign in via GitHub Sign in via Dropbox Sign in with Wallet
    Wallet ( )
    Connect another wallet

    New to HackMD? Sign up

    By signing in, you agree to our terms of service.

    Help

    • English
    • 中文
    • Français
    • Deutsch
    • 日本語
    • Español
    • Català
    • Ελληνικά
    • Português
    • italiano
    • Türkçe
    • Русский
    • Nederlands
    • hrvatski jezik
    • język polski
    • Українська
    • हिन्दी
    • svenska
    • Esperanto
    • dansk

    Documents

    Help & Tutorial

    How to use Book mode

    Slide Example

    API Docs

    Edit in VSCode

    Install browser extension

    Contacts

    Feedback

    Discord

    Send us email

    Resources

    Releases

    Pricing

    Blog

    Policy

    Terms

    Privacy

    Cheatsheet

    Syntax Example Reference
    # Header Header 基本排版
    - Unordered List
    • Unordered List
    1. Ordered List
    1. Ordered List
    - [ ] Todo List
    • Todo List
    > Blockquote
    Blockquote
    **Bold font** Bold font
    *Italics font* Italics font
    ~~Strikethrough~~ Strikethrough
    19^th^ 19th
    H~2~O H2O
    ++Inserted text++ Inserted text
    ==Marked text== Marked text
    [link text](https:// "title") Link
    ![image alt](https:// "title") Image
    `Code` Code 在筆記中貼入程式碼
    ```javascript
    var i = 0;
    ```
    var i = 0;
    :smile: :smile: Emoji list
    {%youtube youtube_id %} Externals
    $L^aT_eX$ LaTeX
    :::info
    This is a alert area.
    :::

    This is a alert area.

    Versions and GitHub Sync
    Get Full History Access

    • Edit version name
    • Delete

    revision author avatar     named on  

    More Less

    Note content is identical to the latest version.
    Compare
      Choose a version
      No search result
      Version not found
    Sign in to link this note to GitHub
    Learn more
    This note is not linked with GitHub
     

    Feedback

    Submission failed, please try again

    Thanks for your support.

    On a scale of 0-10, how likely is it that you would recommend HackMD to your friends, family or business associates?

    Please give us some advice and help us improve HackMD.

     

    Thanks for your feedback

    Remove version name

    Do you want to remove this version name and description?

    Transfer ownership

    Transfer to
      Warning: is a public team. If you transfer note to this team, everyone on the web can find and read this note.

        Link with GitHub

        Please authorize HackMD on GitHub
        • Please sign in to GitHub and install the HackMD app on your GitHub repo.
        • HackMD links with GitHub through a GitHub App. You can choose which repo to install our App.
        Learn more  Sign in to GitHub

        Push the note to GitHub Push to GitHub Pull a file from GitHub

          Authorize again
         

        Choose which file to push to

        Select repo
        Refresh Authorize more repos
        Select branch
        Select file
        Select branch
        Choose version(s) to push
        • Save a new version and push
        • Choose from existing versions
        Include title and tags
        Available push count

        Pull from GitHub

         
        File from GitHub
        File from HackMD

        GitHub Link Settings

        File linked

        Linked by
        File path
        Last synced branch
        Available push count

        Danger Zone

        Unlink
        You will no longer receive notification when GitHub file changes after unlink.

        Syncing

        Push failed

        Push successfully