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--- tags: vaje, opb, pogledi, podpoizvedbe hackmd: https://hackmd.io/ZTzx2iLBQ9ymFCN0F0w5mg --- # Osnove podatkovnih baz - vaje 12.3.2020 --- ## Pogledi (`VIEW`) ### Sintaksa ```sql CREATE VIEW pogled AS SELECT ... ``` --- ### Naloga 1 Vsak traktor je vreden 10000 dolarjev, vsak rezervni del pa 100. ---- * Sestavi pogled `traktor_premozenje` s stolpcema `lastnik` in `vrednost`, ki za vsako osebo, ki ima v lasti kakšen traktor, pove, koliko so vredni njegovi traktorji. ```sql CREATE VIEW traktor_premozenje AS SELECT traktor.lastnik, count(*) * 10000 AS vrednost FROM traktor GROUP BY traktor.lastnik; ``` ---- * Sestavi pogled `deli_premozenje(lastnik, vrednost)`, ki poda podobno informacijo za rezervne dele. ```sql CREATE VIEW deli_premozenja AS SELECT lastnik, count(*) * 10000 AS vrednosti FROM traktor GROUP BY lastnik; ``` ---- * Z uporabo zgornjih dveh pogledov sestavi poizvedbo, ki za vsako osebo izpiše, koliko ima premoženja. ```sql SELECT id, ime, coalesce(traktor_premozenje.vrednost, 0) + coalesce(deli_premozenje.vrednost, 0) AS premozenje FROM oseba LEFT JOIN traktor_premozenje ON id = lastnik FULL JOIN deli_premozenje USING (lastnik); SELECT id, ime, coalesce(sum(vrednost),0) AS premozenje FROM ( SELECT * FROM traktor_premozenje UNION ALL SELECT * FROM deli_premozenje ) AS t RIGHT JOIN oseba ON id = lastnik GROUP BY id, ime; ``` ---- * Sestavi isto poizvedbo še brez uporabe pogledov, z gnezdenimi `SELECT`i. ```sql SELECT id, ime, coalesce(sum(vrednost), 0) AS premozenje FROM ( SELECT lastnik, count(*) * 10000 AS vrednost FROM traktor GROUP BY lastnik UNION ALL SELECT lastnik, sum(stevilo) * 100 AS vrednost FROM deli GROUP BY lastnik ) AS t RIGHT JOIN oseba ON id = lastnik GROUP BY id, ime; ``` --- ### Naloga 2 Izpiši ljudi, ki nimajo nobenega otroka z rdečim traktorjem. ---- * osebe, ki imajo otroka z rdečim traktorjem: ```sql SELECT oseba.* FROM oseba JOIN otroci ON oseba.id = stars JOIN traktor ON lastnik = otrok AND barva = 'rdeca'; ``` * osebe, ki nimajo: ```sql SELECT oseba.* FROM traktor JOIN otroci ON lastnik = otrok AND barva = 'rdeca' RIGHT JOIN oseba ON oseba.id = stars WHERE traktor.id IS NULL; ``` ---- * boljši način, s podpoizvedbo: ```sql SELECT * FROM oseba WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM otroci JOIN traktor ON lastnik = otrok WHERE stars = oseba.id AND barva = 'rdeca' ); ``` --- ### Naloga 3 Za vsako osebo izpiši, koliko ima takšnih rezervnih delov, ki jih ne more uporabiti na nobenem od svojih traktorjev. Oseb, za katere bi bila ta vrednost 0, ni treba izpisovati. ```sql SELECT lastnik, sum(stevilo) AS stevilo FROM deli WHERE znamka NOT IN ( SELECT znamka FROM traktor WHERE lastnik = deli.lastnik ) GROUP BY lastnik; ``` --- ## `WITH` ### Sintaksa ```sql WITH zacasna_tabela AS ( SELECT ... ) SELECT ... ``` --- ### Naloga 4 Izpiši ime osebe, ki ima v lasti največ različnih znamk traktorjev. ```sql SELECT lastnik FROM traktor GROUP BY lastnik ORDER BY count(DISTINCT znamka) DESC LIMIT 1; ``` ---- * če nas zanimajo vse take osebe, z `WITH` naredimo začasno tabelo ```sql WITH razlicne_znamke AS ( SELECT lastnik, count(DISTINCT znamka) AS stevilo FROM traktor GROUP BY lastnik ) SELECT id, ime, stevilo FROM oseba JOIN razlicne_znamke ON lastnik = id WHERE stevilo >= ALL ( SELECT stevilo FROM razlicne_znamke ); ``` --- ### Naloga 5 Izpiši osebe, katerih otroci so vsi lastniki traktorja iste znamke (t.j., obstaja znamka traktorja, ki jo imajo vsi otroci te osebe). Oseb brez otrok ne izpisuj. ---- ```sql SELECT * FROM oseba WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT otrok FROM otroci WHERE stars = oseba.id ) AND EXISTS ( SELECT id FROM znamka WHERE id = ALL ( SELECT znamka FROM otroci LEFT JOIN traktor ON otrok = lastnik AND znamka = znamka.id WHERE stars = oseba.id ) ); ``` ---- * druga možnost: ```sql SELECT * FROM oseba WHERE EXISTS ( SELECT otrok FROM otroci WHERE stars = oseba.id ) AND EXISTS ( SELECT id FROM znamka WHERE NOT EXISTS ( SELECT otrok FROM otroci WHERE stars = oseba.id EXCEPT SELECT lastnik FROM traktor WHERE znamka = znamka.id ) ); ``` --- ### Naloga 6 Za vsako osebo izpiši, koliko rezervih delov ima na razpolago. "Imeti na razpolago" ni isto kot "imeti v lasti"; za potrebe te naloge veljajo naslednja pravila: i. rezervni deli so na razpolago lastniku ii. staršu so na razpolago vsi rezervni deli, ki jih imajo v lasti njegovi otroci iii. če ima nek del na razpolago N ljudi, vsakemu priznavamo le 1/N razpoložljivosti. Če ima nekdo npr. v lasti 3 rezervne dele, v bazi pa nastopa tudi njegov oče (ki sam ni lastnik nobenega rezervnega dela), potem naj poizvedba tako za sina kot za očeta izpiše, da imata na razpolago 1.5 dela. ---- * ideja: vedeti hočemo družine: otroke in starše * to konstruiramo: ```sql SELECT oseba.id AS id, oseba.id AS clan FROM oseba UNION SELECT otrok AS id, stars AS clan FROM otroci; ``` ---- * za vsak id dobimo, kdo so njegovi družinski člani * iz tega lahko dobimo velikosti družin, zato si to shranimo ```sql WITH druzine AS ( SELECT oseba.id AS id, oseba.id AS clan FROM oseba UNION SELECT otrok AS id, stars AS clan FROM otroci ) SELECT clan, sum(stevilo/velikost_druzine::real) AS razporozljivost FROM druzine JOIN ( SELECT id, count(*) AS velikost_druzine FROM druzine GROUP BY id ) AS velikosti_druzin USING (id) JOIN deli ON lastnik = id GROUP BY clan; ``` --- ### Naloga 7 Izpiši vse osebe, ki imajo v lasti vsaj dva traktorja. Prepovedana je uporaba `GROUP BY` in funkcije `count`. ---- * dobimo vse pare traktorjev istega lastnika: ```sql SELECT lastnik FROM traktor AS t1 JOIN traktor AS t2 USING (lastnik); ``` ---- * celotna poizvedba: ```sql SELECT DISTINCT lastnik FROM traktor AS t1 JOIN traktor AS t2 USING (lastnik) WHERE t1.id <> t2.id; ``` * to se v praksi ne dela, samo za demonstracijo, kako lahko isto naredimo na različne načine

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