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# 初見SCSS 一天開竅起手式 ## 變數宣告 宣告一個變數,要使用`$`起頭,用`:`接,用`;`結束。 ```sass= $variable : value ; ``` 要使用這些變數,直接在CSS當中輸入即可,例如: ```sass= div{ color : $variable ; } ``` 變數的使用,可以在許多地方使用上可以不用一直怕打錯,也不怕每個地方都不一樣,或是顏色有差無法統一變動。 ```sass= $font : 'monospace' ; $bigsize : 30px ; $main-color : #AAAAAA ; p{ font-size : $bigsize ; } ``` 目前可以用的變數形式有 1. 空值,就是`null` 2. 字串,括號可用可不用,例如`安安`、`"安安"`、或是`'安安'` 3. 數值,小數是可以的,例如`3.14159` 另外,數值是可以直接在CSS當中進行計算的,例如 ```sass= $num : 20px ; h1{ font-size : $num * 2 ; //那這邊字型大小會是40px } ``` 4. 布林值,也就只有`true`和`false` 5. 顏色值,可以用色票`#123456`,或是RGB`rgb(100,100,100,0.5)`,還有預設單字們 6. 設定值可以直接串連,常見像是字型就會是 ```sass= $font-list: "Microsoft JhengHei", Arial, sans-serif ; ``` ### 變數預設值 變數若要讓他成為預設值,可以直接在後面輸入`!default`,例如 ```sass= $num : null ; h1{ $num : 20px !default ; font-size : $num * 2 ; //那這邊字型大小會是40px } ``` ## 編寫方式 Sass和SCSS最有趣的地方,就是巢狀式的階層定義。 例如我們本來可能要召喚一個區塊的東西可能長這樣 ![](https://i.imgur.com/WcadLtK.png) 他的CSS原來應該會是 ```css= div{ width: 200px; height: 200px; padding: 10px; border: 1px solid #AAA; } div h1{ font-size : 40px; } div p{ font-size : 20px; } ``` 在SCSS當中,我們可以直接將其中的`h1`和`p`直接包建去`div`程式區塊當中,就會變成 ```sass= div{ width: 200px; height: 200px; padding: 10px; border:1px solid #AAA; h1{ font-size:40px; } p{ font-size:20px; } } ``` ### 偽元素的寫法 當你遇到偽元素的時候也能直接寫進去,利用`&`去接偽元素,再進行宣告。 偽元素則是一樣放在指定的元素下,例如: ```sass= a{ color:red; &:hover{ color:blue; } &.class{} } ``` ## Mixin 混合 通常統一style,或是常見於在不同的瀏覽器設定,都可以利用mixin這種類似function的宣告方式來使用變數。 拿個border-radiusd來試試,例如: ```sass= @mixin border-radius($radius){ -webkit-border-radius: $radius; // For Chrome/Safari/opera(new) -moz-border-radius: $radius; // For firefox -ms-border-radius: $radius; // For ie/edge -o-border-radius: $radius; // For opera(old) border-radius: $radius; } ``` 那我們該怎麼使用呢? 利用`@include`的方法,在我們要用的地方來宣告,例如 ```sass= .box{ width:100px; height:100px; border:2px solid #AAA; @include border-radius(10px); } ``` 另外你也能直接宣告預設值進去,那就會變成 ```sass= @mixin border-radius($radius : 3px){...} ``` 假如你是想要宣告整組style進去,也是沒有問題的,例如我這邊設定背景尺寸,就可以簡單宣告成: ```sass= @mixin bg-setting($bg-size:cover){ background-size: $bg-size; background-repeat: no-repeat; background-position: center; } .banner { @include bg-setting(cover); //$bg-size:cover } .otehr1 { @include bg-setting(20px); //$bg-size:20px } .otehr2 { @include bg-setting(contain); //$bg-size:contain } ``` 對了,裡面若有設定預設值,是可以變動他的。 *吐槽一下,在Sass當中, `@include` 只要用 `+` 就可以了,像下面這樣* ```sass= @mixin bg-setting($bg-size:cover) background-size: $bg-size background-repeat: no-repeat background-position: center .banner +bg-setting(cover) //$bg-size:cover .otehr1 +bg-setting(20px) //$bg-size:20px .otehr2 +bg-setting(contain) //$bg-size:contain ``` ## Extend 繼承/擴充 Extend的意思是,當我要沿用style設定時,你可以利用`@extend`的方式,可以省去重複輸入的困擾,而在其他style上只要輸入擴充、變動的部分即可。 看看案例,例如本來CSS是這樣寫的: ```CSS .simple{ border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; color: #333; } .check { border: 1px solid green; padding: 10px; color: #333; } .no_check { border: 1px solid red; padding: 10px; color: #333; } ``` 這邊可以看到前面設定幾乎相同,那我可以整理一下變成 ```CSS .simple, .check, .no_check{ border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; color: #333; } .check { border-color:green; } .no_check { border-color:red; } ``` 若使用繼承方式,就可以不用把全部class召喚在同一個地方,使用的方法是`@extend styleName`,那會變成 ```sass= .simple{ border: 1px solid #ccc; padding: 10px; color: #333; } .check { @extend .simple; border-color:green; } .no_check { @extend .simple; border-color:red; } ``` ## Function 函式 沒錯,你沒有看錯。在SCSS當中也是可以使用函式做簡單處理。 這邊給個簡單例子 讓函式內自己跑計算的話: ```sass= @function calc($num){ return 100vw / $num ; } .test1{ width: calc(2); } .test2{ width: calc(3); } ``` 另外SCSS當中也內建不少輔助用的工具函式,有: 1. saturation ( $color ) : 抓取顏色飽和度 2. lightness ( $color ) : 抓取顏色亮度 3. adjust-hue ( $color , $degrees) : 更換顏色色調 4. lighten ( $color , $amount ) : 顏色調亮 5. darken ( $color , $amount ) : 顏色調暗 還有更多的內建函式可以直接上去[官網說明](http://sass-lang.com/documentation/Sass/Script/Functions.html)看看。 那要怎麼用呢?,這邊直接利用顏色調暗寫一波: ```sass= $color: #2196f3; a { background-color: $color; padding: 10px 15px; &:hover { background-color: darken($color,10%); } } ``` 這邊試一下結果大概是[這樣子](https://jsbin.com/moxidoq/edit?html,css,output)。 ## Import 匯入 我們可以先準備一個通用的SCSS檔案,再利用匯入的方法來使用他們。 首先我們要匯入使用的檔名,需要在前面給一個底線`_`,而在使用他們的時候,記住**不要**增加底線即可。 ```sass= // _default.scss $px:32px; $devBG:url('https://imgs.niusnews.com/upload/imgs/default/intern/0705Scarlett/03.jpg'); ``` ```sass= // index.scss @import 'default'; div{ background: $devBG ; } h1{ font-size: $px ; } p{ font-size: $px / 2 ; } ``` 另外,import也能直接召喚CSS檔案,後面則直接增加路徑即可。 ```sass= // index.scss @import 'css/reset.css'; ```

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