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    --- title: Molecular Dynamics tags: hpcai --- # Molecular Dynamics [TOC] ## GROMACS * [GROMACS](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GROMACS) * 是一套 molecular dynamics(分子動力學模擬) 的軟體 * 主要用來模擬研究【蛋白質】、【脂質】、【核酸】等生物分子的性質。 * GROMACS是開源免費的軟體 ## What is molecular dynamics? * [molecular dynamics](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_dynamics) (MD):分子動力學模擬 * 是一種 [computer simulation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_simulation) (電腦模擬) 的方法 * computer simulation 是一種在電腦上執行數學模型的過程,目的是為了預測現實生活中發生的行為或是一些看不見的物理行為 * **模擬原子、分子的運動,以及它大概的樣子** * 用力場 (force fields) 來描述粒子之間的相互作用 * 透過雙重積分的方式來計算,隨著時間的變化,初始狀態的變化軌跡 * 核心概念:**集合** 和 **收斂** * 集合:一個粒子的時間平均值等於許多粒子的集合平均值,所以我們可以長時間觀察一個粒子,也可以短時間觀察許多粒子 * 收斂:收斂取決於你所研究的屬性類型。為了觀察所有對你想要計算的屬性來說很重要的狀態,你就需要通過運行模擬來蒐集足夠的採樣數據。比方說如果你對時間相對較短的過程感興趣,那你也不需要那麼多的模擬來收斂這些屬性,這意味著某些更複雜的屬性也都會有一個的平均值。 * 這就反過來加強了一個變化軌跡的最短時間 * 可以達到同時間,獨立地探索在不同初始條件下的構像空間,進而進行比較,甚至是結合兩種獨立的brands (品牌?) * Example:ATPase,ATP酶,又稱為三磷酸腺苷酶 ![](https://i.imgur.com/KEfyzog.jpg) ## Why do we need molecular dynamics? * 我們想要觀察的是原子尺度的行為 * 原子尺度的行為很難透過實驗觀察 * 想要更仔細的了解是什麼原因讓相似的分子與眾不同,這對於藥物的開發、材料開法,或是流行病的治療都有莫大的幫助 * MD 模擬還支援預測熱力學性質 (thermodynamic properties) 及機械性質 (mechanical properties) ## Time Scales in MD ![](https://i.imgur.com/D71pe4Z.jpg) * [數量級(時間)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%A7_(%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4)) & [數量級(長度)](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E9%87%8F%E7%BA%A7_(%E9%95%BF%E5%BA%A6)) * 在這裡要講的是「時間尺度」再 MD 的意義 * 這張圖,縱軸是時間,橫軸是長度,在做模擬的時候,時間尺度也是考量的範圍,這樣講很抽象,舉個例子幫助感覺,像是如果我們想要觀察「分子震盪」他就是屬於時間短長度短的,因為分子震盪很快然後動的幅度又小,這樣就能比較理解時間尺度在模擬器中的意義 * 紫色這塊區域就是我們的原子模擬的區域,大約落在1~100奈秒(ns),紅色的區域是粗顆粒的模擬,絕大多數的生物行為都坐落在紫色跟紅色的區域。 :::spoiler :::

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