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    # 新的目標函數 原本的目標函數 $$ J(u_{ik},c_i) = \sum_{i=1}^c \sum_{k=1}^N \ (u_{ik})^m \ (d_{ik})^2 \quad$$ $J(u_{ik},c_i)$ 計算的是預測結果和實際結果的距離的平方, 而新的目標函數 $$\overline{J} = \sum_{i=1}^c\sum_{k=1}^N(u_{ik})^m\ \left[1-e^{-\gamma\left(\tilde{d}_{ik}\right)^2}\right]$$ 則是將每個預測的損失以 $e^{-\gamma(\tilde{d}_{ik})^2}$ 的形式進行計算。 與原本的目標函數相比,==新的目標函數可以更精確地表示預測結果和實際結果的差距==,並且可以通過設置衰減率 $\gamma$ 來控制預測結果與實際結果距離遠的情況的懲罰程度。 :::success 備註: 新的目標函數 $\overline{J}$ 可以更精確地表示預測結果和實際結果的差距,是因為它使用了衰減率 $\gamma$ 來控制預測結果和實際結果的差距的影響程度。 在新的目標函數 $\overline{J}$ 中,每一個預測結果和實際結果之間的懲罰是通過 $[1-e^{-\gamma(\tilde{d}{ik})^2}]$ 來表示的,其中 $\tilde{d}{ik}$ 表示預測結果和實際結果的距離。這樣的表示方式可以更精確地描述預測結果和實際結果之間的差距,因為它可以根據預測結果和實際結果的距離進行自適應懲罰,而不是一概而論地對所有情況進行固定的懲罰。 通過選擇適當的衰減率 $\gamma$,我們可以對預測結果和實際結果的差距進行精確的懲罰,以達到更精確的預測效果。 ::: 關於如何選擇衰減率 $\gamma$,通常需要根據實際的問題進行調整 :::info 選擇==較大的衰減率 $\gamma$== 可以==更嚴格地懲罰預測結果和實際結果距離遠==的情況,通常用在需要高精度預測的問題上。例如,在醫學影像分析中需要更精確的判斷,則可以選擇較大的衰減率。 選擇==較小的衰減率 $\gamma$== 則可以給出==更寬鬆的懲罰==,常常在對預測結果不是很敏感的問題上選擇。例如,在天氣預測中,預測誤差不會造成嚴重的影響,因此可以選擇較小的衰減率。 ::: :::danger 備註: 選擇較大的衰減率 $\gamma$ 雖然可以確保更精確的預測結果,但它也會帶來一些壞處,如: 容易過擬合 (overfitting):當衰減率過大時,模型可能會過度重視訓練數據中的一些噪聲,導致對新數據的預測不夠準確。 容易導致偏誤:當衰減率過大時,模型的權重會過分被懲罰,導致預測結果偏離實際結果。 因此,選擇一個適合的衰減率是很重要的,需要通過不斷調整和評估,以確保預測的精度。 :::

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