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###### tags: `大氣` # 大氣概述 ## 大氣中的臭氧 ### 臭氧的形成 大氣中的臭氧($O_3$)是在紫外光照射下,將1個氧分子分解為2個氧原子後,再與另一氧分子結合而形成。除此之外,有機物氧化及雷雨閃電作用也可能形成臭氧。 ### 臭氧層 臭氧層主要分布在離地20-30公里的平流層當中,是大氣中臭氧濃度最大的區域。因臭氧的形成需要有足夠數量的氧原子及氧分子,故: 1. 高層大氣(>45公里)因紫外光強度太強,多數氧分子已被光化學反應為氧原子,氧分子數量少不利於臭氧的形成。 2. 中層大氣(45-30公里)因紫外光在到達此高度時,已被高層大氣吸收掉一點,故強度沒那麼強,在35公里時氧分子及氧原子的比例較為平均(臭氧混和比最大),適合臭氧的形成。再透過下沉氣流作用,使現今臭氧層(臭氧濃度最高的地方)約在離地20-30公里之處。 3. 低層大氣(<20公里)因大氣大多已將紫外光吸收,不易形成氧原子,故氧原子數量少,不易形成臭氧。 ### 臭氧濃度時空分布變化 #### 平流層溫度隨高度上升? 超過對流層頂的時候,其氣溫其實是隨高度幾乎不變的。(其原因可能是)到了臭氧層,因光化學作用強烈,且臭氧是個不穩定的化合物,該處不斷地進行光化學反應,放出能量,故溫度持續上升。又因為越高層大氣分子密度越少,加熱率較快,故同樣的熱,在越上層大氣可以增溫越多。 #### 臭氧時空分布 若光化學反應強烈,則可放出更多能量,造成溫度上升,同時也加快臭氧破壞和形成的速率。照這原理,臭氧濃度最高應是在低緯地區,但實際上臭氧總量最大的分布是在北半球春季中緯度地區。最小則在赤道附近。如圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/LTfiTL2.gif) 這是與大氣環流現象有關。有部分臭氧被輸送至光化學反應較小的中高緯地區,故其臭氧被分解的速率較慢,較能累積,故濃度較高。直到春季太陽輻射變強,光化學反應開始變大,分解速率才開始變快,濃度開始下降。又在中緯地區存在低壓帶,一旦臭氧進入低壓渦漩,便不易與外界混合,形成濃度較高之地帶。如圖: ![](https://i.imgur.com/EKyGl3R.gif) :::success ***延伸資料:[臭氧的時空分布](http://gis.geo.ncu.edu.tw/gis/globalc/chap0502.htm)*** ::: ## 屋 ## h2 ## h2

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