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    # CSS - Selector ###### tags: `HTML-CSS` ## 一 . 選取器的基本概念 ### (一) . 選取器 1. css宣告 : 常見的css宣告下,其實可以用另外一種方式理解。 ```css= .class-name{ color:red; background-color : black; } ``` 2. 選取器 : css的宣告其實都滿足下面的特色。 - 選取器 : css的class、id、tag等等。 - 屬性 : css的properity。 - 值 : css的properity的值。 ```css= 選取器{ 屬性 : 值 ; 屬性 : 值 ; } ``` ### (二) . 選取器的分類 1. class : 類別選取器。 2. id : id選取器。 3. tag : html原生tag。 4. 僞元素(虛擬元素)。 5. 僞類別(虛擬類別)。 - Combinators : 可以指定某些元素後面的元素。 ## 二 . CSS的class、id、tag ## 三 . CSS的Combinators ### (一) . Adjacent sibling selector 1. 功用 : 選取同層下A元素後面緊接的B元素。 - 注意結構 : 是同層喔。 - A元素後面必須是B元素,選取器才會有用。 2. 語法 : ```A + B```。 - 例 : 可以使的標題後面的第一段文字變的顯目。 - A、B可以是任何class或id。 ```css= h1+p{ color :red; } ``` 3. 應用例一 : 多排共同元素下排除第一個。 - 如應用在表單中,可以使第一個```<li>```元素不被選取。 - 因為第一個元素必不會被同樣元素接著。 ```css= li+li{ border-top: 1px solid red; } ``` ### (二) . General sibling selector 1. 功用 : 選取同層下A元素後面所有的B元素。 - 注意結構 : 是同層喔。 - A元素後面所有的B元素都會被選取到。 2. 語法 : ```A ~ B```。 - A、B可以是任何class或id。 ```css= h1 ~ p{ color:red; } ``` ### (三) . Child selector 1. 功用 : 選取A元素為父元素下的子元素B。 - 注意結構 : 是異層喔。 - A元素下一代後的B元素會被選到,只在子代,子代後面的不會。 2. 語法 : ```A > B```。 - 例 : div元素下的p元素。 - A、B可以是任何class或id。 ```css= div > p{ color:red; } ``` ### (四) . Descendant selector 1. 功用 : 選取A元素為父元素下的子元素B,且包含子代之下。 - 注意結構 : 是異層喔。 - A元素下一代後的B元素會被選到,所有後代的所有B元素都會被選到。 2. 語法 : ```A B```(空格隔開)。 - 例 : div元素下所有代的p元素。 - A、B可以是任何class或id。 ```css= div p{ color:red; } ``` ## 四 . Pseudo-class ### (一) . 定義 1. 定義 : 『偽類別』,也是類別的一種,用來表是特定特別得某種『狀態』。 2. 語法 : 多在其他class、id、tag後面加入『:』。 ```css= div:hover{ color:red; } ``` ### (二) . 動態偽類 1. **『:link』** : 尚未點擊的狀態。 2. **『:hover』**: 滑鼠移動到的狀態。 - 常用,每個元素都會支援。 3. **『:active』**: 點擊當下的狀態。 - 常用,每個元素都會支援。 4. **『:foucs』**: 取得焦點的狀態。 - 並不是每一個元素都有支援。 - 表單、超連結tag有支援。(常用於input element) 5. **『:visited』** : 點擊過後的狀態。 ### (三) . Child偽類 #### 1. :first-child & :last-child 選取器 - 功用 : ```A:first-child```為A元素為父元素的第一個元素下,```A:last-child```反之。 - 不是選取『A元素下的第一個元素』。 - 是『當A元素是其父元素的第一個元素』。 - 注意 : 前面的為限制條件,如下例。 - 他的意思是 : 在div的子元素中,若.block是他的第一個子元素。 - 這種用法很依賴html的架構。 ```htmlmixed= <style> div .block:first-child{ background-color:red; } .block{ background-color:gray; } </style> ``` #### 2. :nth-child() & :nth-last-child 選取器 - 功用 : ```A:nth-child()```為A元素下的第n個元素,```A:nth-last-child```反之。 - 又跟:first-child相反,不是指『當A元素是其父元素的第n個元素』。 - 是『A元素下的第n個元素』。 - 數學式表達法 : 這個選取器的優點就是他可以

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