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    # 2019q1 Homework1 (list) contributed by &lt; `Shengyuu` &gt; ## 自我檢查事項 * ### 為何 Linux 採用 macro 來實作 linked list ? 一般的 function call 有何成本? * #### macro 是什麼 * macro 會在程式被編譯之前執行,將使用者定義的名詞進行轉換 ```clike=+ #include<stdio.h> #define A 10 int main() { printf("%d",A); return 0; } ``` 經過編譯之後可以發現 A 直接被代換掉了 **``` gcc -E macro.c```** ![](https://i.imgur.com/RsREUFK.png) * #### macro 要注意的事 * 參考[Macros vs Functions](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/macros-vs-functions/) * #### macro v.s function * macro 會直接將程式碼做文字替換,會增加指令空間的大小,但可以省略掉呼叫 function call 時對 stack 的操作,當 function call 重複較多次時,用 macro 代替可以節省許多時間 :::warning 之後補上反組譯分析及效能分析 ::: * ### Linux 應用 linked list 在哪些場合? * ### GNU extension 的 typeof 有何作用 * typeof 可以回傳變數的型態,因為 macro 中無法給定變數型態,所以在 macro 中 typeof 被大量使用以確保型態正確 :::warning 增加程式碼範例 ::: * ### 解釋以下巨集的原理 * 觀察題目要求的巨集 container_of 可以發現當中用了另一個巨集 "offset" ,它被定義在 <linux/stddef.h> 中,可以用來計算某一個 struct 結構的成員相較於該結構起始位置的偏移量 ```clike #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) ``` >此段程式碼把數值 0 強制轉換成 TYPE 指標類型,拿取該 struct 指定成員後,對此成員取址,最後回傳一個型態為 size_t 的數。 >[color=#ffff93] > **驗證:** ```clike=+ #include<stdlib.h> #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) struct test{ int a; int b; int c; }; int main(){ struct test *t; size_t size1,size2; size1 = offsetof(struct test, b); size2 = offsetof(struct test, c); } ``` ``` (gdb) p sizeof(*t) $1 = 12 (gdb) p sizeof(int) $2 = 4 (gdb) p size1 $3 = 4 (gdb) p size2 $4 = 8 (gdb) ``` * 了解巨集 offset 後,我們可以進一步來看題目所要求的巨集 container_of ,它被定義在 <linux/lernel.h> 中,這個巨集的作用是可以得到某個 struct 的起始點,只要我們知道該結構任意一個成員的地址就可以用 containner_of 算出該集夠的起始位置 ```clike=+ #define container_of(ptr, type, member) \ __extension__({ \ const __typeof__(((type *) 0)->member) *__pmember = (ptr); \ (type *) ((char *) __pmember - offsetof(type, member)); \ }) ``` >此段程式碼前半部先宣告一個型態和 member 相同的指標 __pmember 並取得 member 得所在位址 ptr ,第二部份將 member 所在的位址減去 offset 後即可得到該結構的初始位址 >[color=#ffff93] > ** 驗證:** ```clike=+ #include<stdlib.h> #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) #define container_of(ptr, type, member) \ __extension__({ \ const __typeof__(((type *) 0)->member) *__pmember = (ptr); \ (type *) ((char *) __pmember - offsetof(type, member)); \ }) struct test{ int a; int b; int c; }; int main(){ struct test *ptr, t; size_t size1,size2; size1 = offsetof(struct test, b); size2 = offsetof(struct test, c); ptr = container_of(&(t.b), struct test, b); } ``` ``` (gdb) p ptr $1 = (struct test *) 0x7fffffffde0c (gdb) p &t $2 = (struct test *) 0x7fffffffde0c ``` >由 gdb 輸出結果可看出變數 t 的位址和用巨集 containner_of 取得的位址一樣 > **補充:** container_of 還有一個值得探討的地方是它將參數 __parameter 強制轉換成 char* 型態再和 offset 做減法,原因是指標在做運算時會依據所指向型態的大小而有所不同,而 char 型態的大小剛好本來就是1,所以將指標強制轉換成 char pointer 再跟 size_t 型態的變數做運算就不會產生問題 **驗證:** ```clike=+ #include<stdlib.h> #define offsetof(TYPE, MEMBER) ((size_t)&((TYPE *)0)->MEMBER) #define container_of(ptr, type, member) \ __extension__({ \ const __typeof__(((type *) 0)->member) *__pmember = (ptr); \ (type *) ((char *) __pmember - offsetof(type, member)); \ }) struct test{ int a; int b; int c; }; int main(){ struct test t, *ptr1, *ptr2; size_t size1; char *a1; int *a2; a1 = (char *) (&(t.b)); a2 = (int * ) (&(t.b)); size1 = offsetof(struct test, b); ptr1 = (struct test *) (a1 - size1); ptr2 = (struct test *) (a2 - size1); } ``` ``` (gdb) p a1 $5 = 0x7fffffffde10 "" (gdb) p a2 $6 = (int *) 0x7fffffffde10 (gdb) p size1 $7 = 4 (gdb) p ptr1 $8 = (struct test *) 0x7fffffffde0c (gdb) p ptr2 $9 = (struct test *) 0x7fffffffde00 (gdb) (gdb) p sizeof(int) $10 = 4 ``` > a1 和 a2 是用不同型態的指標存取 &(t.b),由 gdb 的結果可看出他們的數值原本是一樣的,但同樣對 size1 做減法後的 ptr1、ptr2 的值卻有所差異。從 $9 可以看出 ptr2 和原本的 a2 差了16,而16剛好是 sie1*4 的大小,驗證了 int 的大小是4個 Byte (<s>依不同編譯器版本會不同</s>) > **參考 [Jinyo的隨便寫寫](https://myao0730.blogspot.com/2016/09/linuxcontainerof-offsetof.html)** :::warning 不是「依不同編譯器版本會不同」,而是 ABI (Application Binary Interface) 有關,參見 [64-bit data models](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/64-bit_computing#64-bit_data_models) 儘量讀第一手材料。 :notes: jserv ::: * ### 除了你熟悉的 add 和 delete 操作,list.h 還定義一系列操作,為什麼呢?這些有什麼益處? * 很多時候我們要操作得對象是整個 list 而不只是一個 entry ,如果多在標頭檔內多定義一些操作整個 list 的 function ,在實作的時候就可以使程式碼更簡潔、更有效率。在 list.h 標頭檔中最前面的註解其實也有寫到 ```clike /* * Simple doubly linked list implementation. * * Some of the internal functions ("__xxx") are useful when * manipulating whole lists rather than single entries, as * sometimes we already know the next/prev entries and we can * generate better code by using them directly rather than * using the generic single-entry routines. */ ``` * ### LIST_POISONING 這樣的設計有何意義? * 先來找找哪裡用到了poison ```clike static inline void list_del(struct list_head *entry) { __list_del_entry(entry); entry->next = LIST_POISON1; entry->prev = LIST_POISON2; } ``` >觀察上面的程式碼可以發現 list 再做刪除的時候會把刪除的節點內的 next、prev 分別指向兩個 LIST_POISON,而 LIST_POISIN 是定義在一個 poison.h 的標頭檔中,所以我們再去看看 poison.h >[color=#ffff93] ```clike /* * Architectures might want to move the poison pointer offset * into some well-recognized area such as 0xdead000000000000, * that is also not mappable by user-space exploits: */ #ifdef CONFIG_ILLEGAL_POINTER_VALUE # define POISON_POINTER_DELTA _AC(CONFIG_ILLEGAL_POINTER_VALUE, UL) #else # define POISON_POINTER_DELTA 0 #endif /* * These are non-NULL pointers that will result in page faults * under normal circumstances, used to verify that nobody uses * non-initialized list entries. */ #define LIST_POISON1 ((void *) 0x100 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA) #define LIST_POISON2 ((void *) 0x200 + POISON_POINTER_DELTA) ``` >這段程式碼的註解告訴我們 LIST_POISON1、LIST_POISON2 是兩個會造成 page faults 的 non-NULL pointers,因此可推論出 list_del 將 prev、next 指向 LIST_POISON 是防止已被刪除的節點被違規存取的狀況 >[color=#ffff93] >>至於為什麼不直接將 next、prev 指向 NULL 呢? >>可以參考 [what is the meaning of 0xdead000000000000](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/27801360/what-is-the-meaning-of-0xdead000000000000) >>留言中有提到一句話:"Using 0xdead000000000000 as the base value just makes it easier to distinguish an explicitly poisoned value from one that was initialized with zero or got overwritten with zeroes. " >>可見使用 poison 是為了在 debug 時可以更快速、清楚的知道問題出在哪邊 >>[color=#ff5151] * ### linked list 採用環狀是基於哪些考量? * 對比於非環狀的 list 需要一個指標指向 list 的開頭,當操作 list 時還要多考慮操作的 node 是否為 head 的特殊狀況,環狀 linked list 則不需要一個特別的指標紀錄 list head 的位置,這使得操作 list 的 function 更為簡潔,對於每個 function 也可以減少一個判斷是否為 head 的 if case * 在需要多次重複尋訪 list 的狀況下,環狀 list 也能發揮其特點增加執行的效率,若為非環狀的 list 每次尋訪時都需要一個 if case 判斷 node->next 是否為 NULL,而環狀的 list 因為每個 node 都可以當作 head,尋訪時可以避免這個判斷。在作業系統中常常把正在執行的多個程式放在一個 list 中,尋訪到哪個程式就執行哪個程式,在這過程中就需要大量的重複尋訪 >參考[Circular Linked List](https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/circular-linked-list/) * ### 什麼情境會需要對 linked list 做排序呢?舉出真實世界的應用,最好在作業系統核心出現 * ### 什麼情境會需要需要找到 第 k 大/小元素 呢?又,你打算如何實作? * ### list_for_each_safe 和 list_for_each 的差異在哪?“safe” 在執行時期的影響為何? * 若我們在 for 迴圈可能改變到 list 我們就需要用到有 safe 的版本,有 safe 的版本會在我們動作之前先紀錄 list 的下一個 element ,防止我們在操作到時不小心將 element 刪除或改變,倒置錯誤結果 ```clike /** * list_for_each_safe - iterate over a list safe against removal of list entry * @pos: the &struct list_head to use as a loop cursor. * @n: another &struct list_head to use as temporary storage * @head: the head for your list. */ #define list_for_each_safe(pos, n, head) \ for (pos = (head)->next, n = pos->next; pos != (head); \ pos = n, n = pos->next) ``` >變數 n 在 pos 初始話的時候就先把 pos->next 紀錄起來,防止進入 for 迴圈之後 pos 被改變導致 pos->next 消失或錯誤 >[color=#ffff93] * ### for_each 風格的開發方式對程式開發者的影響為何? * 提示:對照其他程式語言,如 Perl 和 Python * ### 程式註解裡頭大量存在 @ 符號,這有何意義?你能否應用在後續的程式開發呢? * 在函式的註解中使用 @ 符號加在 parameter 前面,讓使用者可以一眼就分辨出註解中哪些指的是參數 * ### tests/ 目錄底下的 unit test 的作用為何?就軟體工程來說的精神為何? * ### tests/ 目錄的 unit test 可如何持續精進和改善呢? ## Merge Sort 參考[lineagech](https://hackmd.io/s/ByPuvlTBN)同學 git hub 上的程式碼改寫 ```clike=1 void list_split(struct list_head *head, struct list_head *left, struct list_head *right) { struct list_head *a = head->next; struct list_head *b = head->next; while(b != head && b->next != head) { a = a->next; b = b->next->next; } list_cut_position(left, head, a->prev); list_cut_position(right, head, (b == head ? head->prev : b)); } ``` > 函式 list_split 中用了[你所不知道的C語言: linked list 和非連續記憶體操作](https://hackmd.io/s/SkE33UTHf)的龜兔賽跑演算法,這個演算法的好處能夠讓我們用一個 while 迴圈就得到 mid 的位址,如果沒有用這樣的演算法,可能就得先用一個迴圈得到 list 的總長度,在用另一個迴圈取得 list 中間的位址 > * 函式中的 list_cut_position 是定義在 list.h 內的一個 function,它的作用是擷取一個 list 的一段給另一個 list ```clike /** * list_cut_position() - Move beginning of a list to another list * @head_to: pointer to the head of the list which receives nodes * @head_from: pointer to the head of the list * @node: pointer to the node in which defines the cutting point * * All entries from the beginning of the list @head_from to (including) the * @node is moved to @head_from. * * @head_to is replaced when @head_from is not empty. @node must be a real * list node from @head_from or the behavior is undefined. */ static inline void list_cut_position(struct list_head *head_to, struct list_head *head_from, struct list_head *node) { struct list_head *head_from_first = head_from->next; if (list_empty(head_from)) return; if (head_from == node) { INIT_LIST_HEAD(head_to); return; } head_from->next = node->next; head_from->next->prev = head_from; head_to->prev = node; node->next = head_to; head_to->next = head_from_first; head_to->next->prev = head_to; } ``` >函式中從擷取 head_from 的 node 的位置開始到最後一個 node 給 head_to >[color=#ffff93] * main function 的邏輯並不難,大概就是產生一個 random 的 array ,再用 for 迴圈將 array 裡的資料一個一個放入新建立的 testlist 當中, list 創建完成後分別拿去 quick_sort 和我們自己寫的 merge_sort 排序,最後在依依筆對結果 ```clike random_shuffle_array(values, (uint16_t) ARRAY_SIZE(values)); ``` >產生 random array 的函式定義在 common.h 中 >[Todo] 解析此標頭檔 > ###### tags: `Linux 核心設計 2019`

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