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    # 結構組 ###### tags: `Structure` `Exit Rail Velocity` `Velocity of Recovery` [toc] ## 開發時程表 ```mermaid gantt title 開發時程 dateFormat YY-MM axisFormat %y-%m section 結構組 設計 : active, done, plan, 22-10, 70d 材料購買 : buy, 22-12, 60d 製作&加工 : work, 22-12, 60d 測試&再設計 : test, 23-02, 120d 飛行測試 : flight, 23-06, 10d ``` --- ## 工作流程圖 設計火箭的氣動力外形、內部結構,以期將火箭順利射上空中。 設計發射架系統或使用火箭社/實驗場現有的發射架 分析/模擬: 使用Ansys、Solidworks、CATIA、OpenRocket等軟體進行氣動力、應力、軌跡模擬分析,確保受力元件可以承受得住,火箭升空時只發生理論上(風場/氣阻)程度內的軌跡偏離。 ```mermaid graph TD; 任務目標-->酬載 基礎目標-->最小推力 基礎目標-->離架速度-->最小推力 酬載-->最小推力 最小推力-->推進-->箭體空間規劃-->各部材料選擇與使用 酬載-->回收與否-->回收方式 回收與否-->回收東西的終端速度-->降落傘特徵 ``` --- ## 基礎知識 ### 氣動力外形結構 >Parts of a Rocket: body, nose cone, fins, propellant system >>**body**: holds avionics system needed to control the rocket **nose cone**: prevent air from slowing the rocket **fins**: help guide the rocket to fly straight, i.e. rocket stability **propellant system**: fuel and oxidizer burn together to launch the rocket off the ground ### 火箭上的受力 >Forces exerted on a Rocket during flight: weight, thrust, lift, drag >>**weight**: mass of all the parts of the rocket **thrust**: works the opposite of weight **lift**: aerodynamic force that works in a 90-degree angle to the direction of flight, not a significant force on the rocket **drag**: aerodynamic force that works against the upward movement of the rocket ### 火箭的重心(cg)和壓力(cp)中心 >穩定飛行的火箭有著可預測的飛行軌跡。因此,火箭若不穩定是一件很危險的事,因為我們將不知道火箭將飛往哪裡,它可能會倒著飛,或是突然砸向地面,造成人員傷亡。 >>**cg**: a point that rocket rotates around when it flies, a point where it can be perfectly balanced and does not teeter, it is the avg location of the weight of an object **cp**: it is the avg location of the drag forces as it is an aerodynamic force, only exists when the air is flowing past a rocket in flight **stability**: for a rocket to be stable, the cp must behind the cg, to increase stability, we can increase the size of the fins or to move the fins more to the rear of the rocket (making cp rearward), also, we can add weight into the nose cone, which will move the cg toward the front end of the rocket. --- ## 離架速度(Exit Rail Velocity) 為了確保火箭在離開發射架時,其飛行狀態時穩定的,必須在考慮風場擾動後定義出一個速度,使火箭可以在離開發射架時,依然遵循所預測的飛行軌跡。 `Weather cocking`,此現象是由於,當火箭離開發射架後,由於在空中所受到橫向風場的影響,其原來相對風場亦會改變,讓火箭朝著新的相對風方向運動。其造成的結果為,火箭最大的高度將會被減小。 Assumption(假設最糟糕的情況為當攻角達到13度時,cp與cg重疊) {%pdf http://www.spaceportrocketry.org/pdfs/Wind%20Caused%20Instability.pdf%} knowing that $cp$ $\propto$ $AoA$ `def` 1 cal Stability Margin $\equiv$ $13^\circ$ $V_r={V_w \over tan(\theta_{sm})}$ 發射架高度h=4m | $crosswind$ $speed$ $V_w(m/s)$ | $S.M.$ | $\theta_{sm}^\circ$ |$exit$ $rail$ $velocity$ $V_r(m/s)$| | -------- | -------- | -------- |-------- | | 1 | 1.9 | 24.7 | 2.18| | 3 | 1.9 | 24.7 | 6.52| | 5 | 1.9 | 24.7 | 10.87| ### 相關資料 [Forces at Liftoff](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/rktlo.html) [Forces During Powered Flight](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/rktpow.html) [CP calculation](http://ftp.demec.ufpr.br/foguete/bibliografia/TIR-33%20Calculating%20the%20Center%20of%20Pressure%20of%20a%20Model%20Rocket.pdf) [Basics of High-Power Rocketry](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6JXY1ol53U&ab_channel=NASAVideo) [WHAT BARROWMAN LEFT OUT](http://argoshpr.ch/joomla1/articles/pdf/sentinel39-galejs.pdf) [Wind Caused Instability : Apogee Rockets, Model Rocketry Excitement Starts Here](https://www.apogeerockets.com/Wind_Caused_Instability) --- ## 結構設計(未完成) ![](https://i.imgur.com/MAeJVVD.gif) ### 箭身材質 > [color=red]材料:考慮使用5‘’ 直徑PVC(140mm),優點為輕、強度夠 料桶槽的部分使用金屬-鋁/鈦來固定,以承受引擎所產生之推力 ### 回收機構 `Recovery System` #### 剪力螺絲用或不用 > [color=blue]在到達最高點後,鼻錐罩應被彈射出來,並進行回收。在發射以前,鼻錐罩該如何固定在箭身上是個問題(直接誒套住/用剪力螺絲)。若是使用剪力螺絲,要確保剪力螺絲可以滿足我們的要求,i.e.使用爆炸艙(黑火藥)所產生的威力用斷! #### 降落傘 > [color=orange]因欲回收酬載,則需有降落傘來降低下墜速度。傘面越大,則下降速度越底。 此次探空任務為收集低層大氣溫室氣體訊息,在酬載被拋出後,始得觀測。由此,我們必須先了解低層大氣溫室氣體感測器的靈敏度,以決定其下降速度,再回推傘面面積。 在不考慮浮力效應情況下, #### 降落傘打開後的受力分析 `FBD of parts to be recovered` ${1 \over 2} \rho \dot{x}^2AC_d -mg=m \ddot{x}$ #### 終端速度 `Velocity during Recovery` $V_t=\sqrt{2mg \over {\rho S_pC_d}}$ 欲回收的東西包括: |東西| 質量| |----|----| |酬載|~0.04kg| |酬載艙|~0.3kg| |其他|| |總質量 $m$|.5~1kg| 航電組預估的回收速度為 $V_t=4 m/s$ 取重力加速度為 $g=9.81m/s^2$ 降落傘阻力係數 $C_d=1.5$ (for hemisphere) 平均密度 $\rho=1.12 kg/m^3$ 則 降落傘傘面面積$S_p\approx .69m^2$ 降落傘材料:帆布、尼龍、絲綢 降落傘繩子:尼龍絲、Parachord95(可承受43kg) #### 開傘條件與方法 - 火箭達到最高點(垂直速度為零時) - 火箭發動機關閉時 - 使用黑火藥與電火柴(或點火頭)引爆 (注意氣密性問題) ### 相機安裝 > [color=yellow]安裝在鼻錐罩側面,鑽小孔讓電線通過。設計流線型外殼保護攝像機,另一側 配置相同重量平衡。 目標: 上升過程:往下拍 下降過程:側下(把繩子綁在鼻錐罩的重心上,讓它下來的時候是橫著的) ### 相關資料 [Parachute Design & Calculation](https://www.translatorscafe.com/unit-converter/en-US/calculator/parachute-size/#definitions-And-formulas) [Velocity during Recovery](https://www.grc.nasa.gov/www/k-12/VirtualAero/BottleRocket/airplane/rktvrecv.html) [Parachute Drag Coeffiecient Analysis]([file:///C:/Users/racso/Downloads/izadi2009.pdf](https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267497133_CFD_Analysis_of_Drag_Coefficient_of_a_Parachute_in_a_Steady_and_Turbulent_Condition_in_Various_Reynolds_Numbers)) --- ## 參考資料 [NASA Student Launch High-Powered Rocketry](https://youtube.com/playlist?list=PLiuUQ9asub3Rikic9KVsF2RjVo7rB3dwU) [NASA High Powered Video Series Counterpart Documents](https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/sl_video_instruction_book.pdf) [NASA Structure Dynamic Analysis in Rocket Propulsion and Launch Vehicles](https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/20190033330/downloads/20190033330.pdf)

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