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    # 李宏毅_Linear Algebra Lecture 8: Solving System of Linear Equations (part 1) ###### tags: `Hung-yi Lee` `NTU` `Linear Algebra Lecture` [課程撥放清單](https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLJV_el3uVTsNmr39gwbyV-0KjULUsN7fW) ## Linear Algebra Lecture 8: Solving System of Linear Equations (part 1) [課程連結](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuTH1WdREkY&list=PLJV_el3uVTsNmr39gwbyV-0KjULUsN7fW&index=8) ### 九章算術 ![](https://i.imgur.com/hSofinS.png) 九章算術是漢朝的書,這邊實際操作的是高斯消去法。 ### 算法統宗 ![](https://i.imgur.com/wz6TWHr.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/u9vxgeD.png) ![](https://i.imgur.com/zak2YVZ.png) 明代以歌來解,二元一次方程式就以二色方程歌來解! ### Equivalent ![](https://i.imgur.com/TAlYqo9.png) 先前的課程談的是定義、專有名詞的說明,本課程談的是如何解。 如果兩個systems of linear equations有相同解,那就可以稱為equivalent。 ### Equivalent ![](https://i.imgur.com/qAylUXa.png) 可以透過三種方法來操作system of linear equations讓它們變換之後依然是equivalent(等價)的system of linear equations: 1. Interchange:交換,什麼事都沒有發生,依然等價 2. Scaling:縮放,可能乘上某一個數值,依然等價,要注意的是,乘上的應該是一個non-zero的值 3. Row Addition:將某一個equation乘上n倍之後加給另一個equation,依然等價 ### Solving system of linear equation ![](https://i.imgur.com/CoGItl7.png) 求解的方式就是用上面三種方式來讓複雜的equation變為簡單的equation,以此快速求解。 ### Augmented Matrix ![](https://i.imgur.com/JtSdaBQ.png) 剛才的範例是二元聯立,如果是多元的話通常會有很多未知數,coefficient的部份以matrix-$A$來表示,維度為mxn,未知數則以向量$x$來表示,最終的常數項也是以向量$b$來表示,即$Ax=b$ ### Augmented Matrix ![](https://i.imgur.com/K8ztGpJ.png) 你也可以用一種稱為Augmented Matrix的方式來表示,很單純的將$A$與$b$放在一起,即$[A | b]$,其維度為mx(n+1) ### Solving system of linear equation ![](https://i.imgur.com/nqzF1CU.png) 實際求解過程中,我們並不會將一堆的符號寫出來,而是單純的在Augmented Matrix內操作。 ### Solving system of linear equation ![](https://i.imgur.com/r3UcLzb.png) 對於複雜的方程式我們一樣採相同的方式做計算,而對於先前所提的三種變換方式,其名稱為elementary row operations。而對我們簡化到最後讓我們可以一眼看出答案的那個Matrix,其名稱為reduced row echelon form(RREF)。 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/Uk3hLaM.png) Echelon:階級 談Reduced Row Echelon Form之前先談Row Echelon Form: 1. 所有的non-zero的row都在zero row的上方 2. 所有row的leading entries拿出來(即由左至右第一個不為零的元素)排成echelon form * 換句話說,下一個row的leading entry應該是在上一個row的右下方 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/4Mxa03g.png) 像上圖這個Matrix就不是Echelon Form,因為它的leading entries並沒有依階排序 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/LUHNZYH.png) Reduced Row Echelon Form必需先滿足Row Echelon Form的兩個條件之外再滿足一個條件: 3. leading entry所在的column必須為standard vectors(leading entry以外的值為0) ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/lPfJgUA.png) 檢查是否為Reduced Row Echelon Form之前,要先確認它是否為Row Echelon Form。 ### RREF is unique ![](https://i.imgur.com/75iPRKi.png) Reduced Row Echelon Form有一個性質,也就是每一個Matrix只會有一個Reduced Row Echelon Form,但它可以有多個Row Echelon Form。 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/ViLHApf.png) pivot:中樞、樞杻 原始的Matrix-$A$的Reduced Row Echelon Form-$R$的leading entry的位置稱為pivot positions,而pivot positions所在的column就稱為pivot column。 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/zpFyhbp.png) 在給定Reduced Row Echelon Form的時候該如何求解?解有三種,唯一解、無窮解、無解。 唯一解: 如果Reduced Row Echelon Form在去掉最後一個column之後,它是identity matrix(即左上右下對角線為1其餘為0) ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/hQYFndR.png) 無窮多解: 對於不知道的解稱為free variable,有限制的部份稱為basic variable,只要存在著free variable就意味著擁有無窮多解。可以以Parameteric Representation的方式來表示。 ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/6z0zbGx.png) 無解: 直觀來看,只要某一個row,其最後一維為non-zero,其餘為zero,那它就是inconsistent ### Reduced Row Echelon Form ![](https://i.imgur.com/8CsYqhM.png) 高斯消去的大原則是,利用一連串的elementary row operations讓它變為Row Echelon Form,再經過一連串的elementary row operations讓它再變為Reduced Row Echelon Form

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