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    --- title: '6-1 圖的種類及術語' disqus: hackmd --- [TOC] ## 連通圖 Connected Graph **Def:** 設 $G=(V,E)$ 為一個無向圖 **(Undirected Graph)** $∀x,y∈V,x≠y$,點集 $V$ 中任兩相異點之間==皆有一條 $walk$== 可以到達==彼此== 否則稱 $G$ 為 不連通圖 **(Disconnected Graph)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/gJXvigT.png) 右圖中.$(5,4)$ $(0,1,2,3)$ 不存在無向 $walk$ 可到達彼此 --- ### 強連通圖 Strongly Connected Graph **Def:** 設 $G=(V,E)$ 為一個有向圖 **(Directed Graph)** $∀x,y∈V,x≠y$,點集 $V$ 中任兩相異點之間==皆有一條有向 $walk$== 可以到達==彼此== ![](https://i.imgur.com/nPAXMmc.gif) 右圖中 $2$ 不存在有向 $walk$ 可到達 $(0,1,3)$ --- ### 單方向連通圖 Unilaterally Connected Graph **Def:** 設 $G=(V,E)$ 為一個有向圖 **(Directed Graph)** $∀x,y∈V,x≠y$,點集 $V$ 中任兩相異點之間==有一條有向 $walk$== 可以到達==其中一點== ![](https://i.imgur.com/mSCf511.png) 可能有點出不去,同如上一個例子中右圖 --- ### 弱連通圖 Weakly Connected Graph **Def:** 無法藉由單一方向拜訪所有的點 ![](https://i.ytimg.com/vi/A7iByRFzEy4/maxresdefault.jpg) --- ### 名詞定義及特性 ![](https://i.imgur.com/OUbBM5e.png) --- ## 子圖 Subgraph,(點隨意、邊隨意) **Def:** * 設 $G=(V,E)$ 為一個有向圖 **(Directed Graph)** 或無向圖 **(Undirected Graph)** * 設 $G'$ = $(V',E')$ 為一圖滿足 * $G'$ 的點包含於 $G$ 而且 $G$ 不是 ∅ * $G'$ 的邊包含於 $G$,$E'⊆E$ 則稱 $G'$ 為 $G$ 的一個子圖 **(Subgraph)** ==子圖 **(Subgraph)** 可以是== * 原圖 (自己本身) * 空圖 (完全刪除) ![](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Peter_Hufnagl/publication/232085273/figure/fig5/AS:214001028997138@1428033229916/Subgraph-isomorphism-An-example-of-subgraph-isomorphism-between-graphs-G-and-G-with.png) 右圖為左圖的子圖 **(Subgraph)** --- ### 誘導子圖 Induced Subgraph,(點隨意、邊全取) **Def:** 設 $G'$ 為 $G$ 的子圖,滿足 $E'$ = $E∩(V'×V')$,(取的點形成的邊數必須與父圖一致) ![](https://i.imgur.com/4YNlSKO.png) 右圖為左圖的誘導子圖 **(Induced Subgraph)** --- ### 生成子圖 Spanning Subgraph,(點全取、邊隨意) **Def:** 設 $G'$ 為 $G$ 的子圖,滿足 $V'$ = $V$,(取的點數必須與父圖一致) ![](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/graphtheory1-120903115149-phpapp01/95/graph-theory-1-40-728.jpg?cb=1346673196 =400x) ==**Spanning Tree 也是 Spanning Subgraph**== ![](https://i.imgur.com/YZQqdzU.png) --- ### 連通分量圖 Connected Component Graph,(各個小國) **Def:** * 簡稱 **Component** * 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個無向不連通圖 **(Undirected & Unconnected Graph)** * 則 $G$ 的 極大連通誘導子圖 * 連通誘導子圖: ==點隨意,邊全取,連通 **(Conneted)**== * 極大:該 連通誘導子圖 無法再擴張 * 稱作 **連通分量圖 (Connected component)** * 一個 $G$ 的 **Component** 個數記作:$κ(G)$,$κ$ 為希臘字母 * 在無向圖 **(Undirected Graph)** 中 * 一個點也視為一個 **Component** * **Component** 裡的 **Component** 不成立,(下圖右) * 演算法 **(Algorithm)**:**Graph Traversal** 尋找所有 **Component** * $G$ 是連通圖 **(Connected Graph)**:只有一個 **Component** (自己本身) ![](https://i.imgur.com/gtECXge.png) 左圖(上) $G$ 為一無向不連通圖 **(Undirected & Unconnected Graph)**,$κ(G)$ = $3$ * 觀念視覺化 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ayUCOGB.png =600x) 參考資料:[演算法筆記](http://www.csie.ntnu.edu.tw/~u91029/Component.html#3) --- ## 切點 (Cut point)、切集 (Cut set) ![](https://i.imgur.com/1g8jhm3.png) --- ### 雙連通圖 (Biconnected graph) **Def:** 設 $G=(V,E)$ 為連通無向圖 **(Connected & Undirected Graph)** * 不含切點 **(Connected Point)**,(任切掉一點依舊連通) * 為無迴圈 **(Loop Free)**,(X 點到 X 點) 稱為雙連通圖 **(Biconnected Graph)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/BHeNVQn.png =400x) 左圖任切掉一點依舊保持連通 **(Connected)** --- ### 雙連通分量圖 (Biconnected component) **Def:** * 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個無向連通圖 * 則 $G$ 的 極大雙連通誘導子圖 * 雙連通誘導子圖: ==點隨意,邊全取,連通 **(Connected)**,不含切點 **(Cut Point)**,無迴圈 **(Loop Free)**== * 極大:該 雙連通誘導子圖 無法再擴張 * 稱作 **雙連通分量圖 (Biconnected component)** ![](https://i.imgur.com/UhjBzPm.png) 左圖 $G$ 為一個無向連通圖,因為含三個切點 (紅框處),所以 $G$ 不是雙連通圖 而 $G$ 擁有 $4$ 個雙連通分量圖 (右圖) --- ### Component 觀念整理 ![](https://i.imgur.com/ILmKUJ4.png) --- ## 完全圖 Complete Graph **Def:** 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個無向圖,任兩點間恰有一邊相連,稱為完全圖 **(Complete Graph)** 若 $G$ 的點數量為 $n$,記作 $K_n$ ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Complete_graph_K7.svg/1200px-Complete_graph_K7.svg.png =200x) 圖為 $K_7$ 無向完全圖,可得知 $K_n$ ==必為連通圖 (Connected Graph)== --- ### 有向完全圖 Direct Complete Graph **Def:** * 又稱 完全競賽圖 **Complete Tournament** * 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個有向圖,任兩點 $x,y$ 間恰有一邊相連 (單一方向即可),稱為 有向完全圖 **(Direct Complete Graph)** 若 $G$ 的點數量為 $n$,記作 $K_{n}^{*}$ ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/4-tournament.svg/180px-4-tournament.svg.png) 圖為 $K_{4}^{*}$ 有向完全圖,因方向性所以==不具唯一性== --- ### 完全圖的邊數關係 設 $G$ 為完全圖,點數為 $n$ * $K_n$、$K_{n}^{*}$ 任兩點決定一邊,邊數為:$\left( \begin{array}{ccc} n\\ 2\\ \end{array} \right)$ * $K_{n}^{*}$ 的圖形表達數量:具有 $2^{\left( \begin{array}{ccc} n\\ 2\\ \end{array} \right)}$ 種可能,(每個邊有兩個方向) --- ## 雙分圖 Bipartite Graph **Def:** 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個無向圖 **(Undirected Graph)**,存在以下分割關係 * $V$ = $V_1∪V_2$,可將 $V$ 分成兩集合 * $V_1∩V_2$ = ∅,兩點集 **(Vertex Set)** 無重複的點 * 兩點集之間所有的邊關係 ⊆ $G$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/d7BtxMw.png) 圖中皆為 雙分圖 **Bipartite Graph**,紅黑兩點集各自無邊關係存在 (紅連紅,黑連黑) --- ### 完全雙分圖 Complete Bipartite Graph,(連好連滿) **Def:** * 同 雙分圖 **(Bipartite Graph)** * 額外條件為:兩點集 **(Vertex Set)** 中,任兩點 $x,y$ 皆有邊相連 * 記作 $K_{m,n}$,$m,n$ 為兩點集的元素個數 ![](https://i.imgur.com/fmSyHbn.png) $K_{m,n}$ 的邊數為 $m*n$ --- ## 補圖 Complement Graph **Def:** 設 $G$ = $(V,E)$ 為一個簡單無向圖 **(Undirected Simple Graph)** 若 $G'$ = $(V,E')$,且 $E'$ = $(V×V)-E$ 為 $G$ 圖的邊補集 稱 $G'$ 為 $G$ 的補圖 **(Complement Graph)**,記作 $\overline{G}$ 或 $G^c$ ![](https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Petersen_graph_complement.svg/1200px-Petersen_graph_complement.svg.png =450x) 設左圖為 $G$ 右圖為 $H$,$\overline{G}$ = $G^c$ = $H$ * 設 $G$ 與 $\overline{G}$ 的點數合為 $n$,則該邊數合 = 完全圖 $K_n$ 的邊數$\left( \begin{array}{ccc} n\\ 2\\ \end{array} \right)$ --- ## 特殊圖 * $n$ 個點的 $Cycle$,$C_n$: ![](https://i.imgur.com/I8bqDxt.png) * 輪子圖 **(Wheel Graph)**,$W_n$: * 在 $C_n$ 中新增一個中心點與每一點相連,所以增加 $n$ 個邊 ![](https://i.imgur.com/IHDGTaN.png) * 超立方體 **Hypercube**,$Q_n$: * $Q_n$ 點數:$2^n$ * 每個點 $Degree$ 為 $n$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/Uy0jHfh.png) --- ## 有向圖與無向圖整理 未列出的表示兩者皆可,此關係僅以此篇文章來區分、或許會有特例存在 ![](https://i.imgur.com/xGI6JUv.png) ###### tags: `Discrete Math`

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