Wei Ji
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    倒置晶格(Reciprocal lattice) === 晶格空間(lattice)是一個數學模型,用以描述理想結晶排列的度量空間, 從而忽略原子核、電子軌域...這些實際的物理條件、因素的資訊。 --- 結晶材料中的原子分佈於空間中, 可以用一個向量 $\vec{R}$ 來描述原子的座標,這個空間我們稱為真實空間(real space), 若對該向量進行傅立葉轉換,會得到另外一個向量 $\vec{G}$, 可以理解成,原子的座標從真實空間映射(mapping)到倒置空間(q-space)。 $\vec{R} = n_1 \vec{a_1} + n_2 \vec{a_2} + n_3\vec{a_3}$ $\vec{G} = h \vec{b_1} + k \vec{b_2} + l\vec{b_3}$ $\vec{R} := \text{原子在晶格空間中的位置}$ $\vec{G} := \text{原子在倒置空間中的位置}$ 根據傅立葉轉換,可以導出: $$ e^{i\vec{R} \cdot \vec{G} } = 1 $$ 從歐拉公式 $e^{ix} = \cos x + i\sin x$ ,可以繼續導出: $$ \vec{R} \cdot \vec{G} = 2n\pi , n \in \Bbb Z $$ 因為某些原因^[待查證],把1帶入n以簡化公式, 繼續整理,分離各個倒置空間單位向量對應真實空間單位向量的映射關係: $$ \vec{b_1} = 2\pi \frac{ \vec{a_2} \times \vec{a_3} }{ \vec{a_1} \cdot ( \vec{a_2} \times \vec{a_3} ) } $$ $$ \vec{b_2} = 2\pi \frac{ \vec{a_3} \times \vec{a_1} }{ \vec{a_2} \cdot ( \vec{a_3} \times \vec{a_1} ) } $$ $$ \vec{b_3} = 2\pi \frac{ \vec{a_1} \times \vec{a_2} }{ \vec{a_3} \cdot ( \vec{a_1} \times \vec{a_2} ) } $$ 其中分母的部份剛好是一個[純量三角積](#純量三角積), 若經過化簡可以得到 $\frac{2\pi}{d} \hat v$ 之類的東西, 因為真實空間的平面間距在傅立葉轉換的空間中, 以倒數的方式存在,因此該空間也被稱作「倒置晶格」(Reciprocal lattice)。 精簡化的寫法: $$ \left[ \mathbf {b} _{1}\mathbf {b} _{2}\mathbf {b} _{3} \right]^{\mathsf {T}} =2\pi \left[ \mathbf {a} _{1}\mathbf {a} _{2}\mathbf {a} _{3} \right]^{-1} $$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/xF8GJEh.png) > 我們可以發現晶格空間每一個點描述的是原子的位置; > 而倒置空間每一個點描述的是某個平面。 --- 部份教材進行空間轉換的定義不是使用傅立葉轉換,如: $$ \mathbf b_1 = \frac{\vec a_2 \times \vec a_3}{V} $$ 其結果在向量的方向上是等價的,但是會與傅立葉轉換的定義相差 $2\pi$ 倍。 ### 純量三角積(scalar triple product) 定義 $$ f(\vec{a}, \vec{b}, \vec{c}) = \vec{a} \cdot ( \vec{b} \times \vec{c}) $$ 若$\vec a, \vec b, \vec c$三組向量能夠在空間中形成一個六面體, 則成對的平面(上下、左右、前後)相互平行。 其中 $\vec{b} \times \vec{c}$ 我們都知道可以視作$k\vec p$, $k$是$\vec b , \vec c$兩向量構成平面的面積,而$\vec p$則可以表示該平面的方向, 因此整個純量三角積可以整理成:$k(\vec a \cdot \vec p)$, 其中 $\vec a \cdot \vec p$ 便是平面間距。 計算過程能夠以矩陣的方式表示: $$ \vec{a} \cdot (\vec {b} \times \vec {c} ) =\det { \begin{bmatrix} a_{1}&a_{2}&a_{3}\\ b_{1}&b_{2}&b_{3}\\c_{1}&c_{2}&c_{3}\\ \end{bmatrix} } =\det(\vec {a} ,\vec {b} ,\vec {c}) $$ ### Reference https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reciprocal_lattice https://www.bruker.com/fileadmin/user_upload/8-PDF-Docs/X-rayDiffraction_ElementalAnalysis/XRD/Webinars/BAXS_Webinar_GDP_V_-_HRXRD2_-_Reciprocal_Space_Mapping_20120126.pdf https://www.bruker.com/fileadmin/user_upload/webinars/XRD/presentations/BAXS_Webinar_GDP_V_-_HRXRD2_-_Reciprocal_Space_Mapping_20120126.pdf https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_product#Scalar_triple_product http://www.physics.nptu.edu.tw/ezfiles/116/1116/attach/85/pta_23947_3124236_13357.ppt ###### tags: `learning note` `材料`

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