探究與實作得斯
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    # 折射實驗 ## 原理 光線在不同介質中,會具有不同的行進速度,導致光線的角度會有所偏折,形成折射。 ## 實驗器材 半月形容器$\times 1$ 塑膠尺 (30.0$公分$) 壓克力塊$($長$:11.0$公分$;$寬$:6.0公分)$ 水 粉筆 紅光雷射產生器$\times 1$ 綠光雷射產生器$\times 1$ 量角器$\times 2$ ## 實驗方法 $1.$以雷射光產生器照入介質中,使其產生折射 $2.$以尺及量角器繪出其入射光及折射光之直線並量測 ## 引導思考 ### 方法 以雷射筆從水面上射入燒杯中的水,試從側面觀察出雷射光的折射情形。 ### 觀察到之結果 雷射光通過水中後投影在桌面的光點和原光線方向似乎沒有重合。 ### 觀察結果之缺點 $1.$經過水中投射出的光點會因水面的波動而不停晃動 $2.$光線在水中的路線不夠明確,不方便觀察。 ### 缺點之解決方法 $1.$由從水面上直接射入水面改成由側面經過透明容器後射入水中,使光線不會因為水面的波動干擾。 $2.$在水中加入不溶於水之微小顆粒,如粉筆屑,利用廷德爾效應觀察雷射光在水中的路徑。 ## 實驗一 ### 水之折射率為$1.33$ ### 實驗目的 本實驗的主要目的為探討水之折射率在自定義的情況下,可否維持定值,以設計出一套可以將介質折射率維持定值的折射率公式。並以實際定義判斷實驗數據是否有過大的偏差。 ### 實驗示意圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/00mS2EC.jpg) ### 實驗步驟 $1.$在半月形容器中注滿水,並在開口端放上量角器 $2.$將粉筆灰倒入水中 $3.$以尺對準量角器之中心並以雷射光產生器照射並紀錄其入射角度 ### 實驗數據 | 入射角 | 測量一反射角 | 測量二反射角 | 測量三反射角 | 平均反射角 | 自定義之折射率 | 實際公式之折射率 | |-----------------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|-----------------| | $41.5^\circ$ | $31.5^\circ$ | $31.0^\circ$ | $31.5^\circ$ | $31.3^\circ$ | 1.3387 | 1.287 | | $60^\circ$ | $39.0^\circ$ | $38.0^\circ$ | $41.0^\circ$ | $39.3^\circ$ | 1.474 | 1.328 | | $30^\circ$ | $16.5^\circ$ | $16.0^\circ$ | $17.0^\circ$ | $16.5^\circ$ | 1.818 | 1.228 | ### 誤差來源 $1.$射入容器時會受到容器壁的折射影響 $2.$小角度時會找不到光線之中點 $3.$肉眼觀察會有誤差 ### 如何較好避免誤差 $1.$將角度控制在$40~60$度之內 $2.$將原容器更換成器壁較薄的容器$($避免器壁之折射影響實驗結果$)$ $3.$可以在光線射出面貼上紙片且只露出一小縫$($非狹縫$)$ ## 實驗二 ### 壓克力之折射率約為$1.45$ ### 實驗目的 本實驗的主要目的為探討壓克力之折射率在自定義的情況下,可否維持定值。並以實際定義判斷實驗數據是否有過大的偏差。 ### 實驗示意圖 ![](https://i.imgur.com/VAk1oRm.jpg) ### 實驗步驟 $1.$以量角器測量入射光之角度 $2.$並以尺繪出入射光之路徑 $3.$以鉛筆及尺繪出折射光路徑 $4.$以量角器測量角度 ### 實驗數據 | 入射角 | 測量一反射角 | 測量二反射角 | 測量三反射角 | 平均反射角 | 自定義之折射率 | 實際公式之折射率 | |-----------------------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|-------------|---------------|-----------------| | $42.5^\circ$ | $28.0^\circ$ | $27.5^\circ$ | $28.5^\circ$ | $28.0^\circ$ | 1.52 | 1.44 | | $60^\circ$ | $36.5^\circ$ | $36.5^\circ$ | $38.0^\circ$ | $37.0^\circ$ | 1.62 | 1.44 | | $30^\circ$ | $16.5^\circ$ | $18.0^\circ$ | $16.5^\circ$ | $17.0^\circ$ | 1.76 | 1.71 | | $70^\circ$ | $38.0^\circ$ | $38.5^\circ$ | $39.0^\circ$ | $38.5^\circ$ | 1.82 | 1.51 | ### 誤差來源 $1.$肉眼觀察會有誤差值 $2.$小角度時會找不到光線之中點 ### 如何較好避免誤差 $1.$將角度控制在$40~60$度之間 $2.$可以在第二塊壓克力塊上貼上紙片且只露出一小縫$($非狹縫$)$

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