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    # RAID [Toc] 獨立磁碟冗餘陣列 (RAID, Redundant Array of Independent Disks) 簡稱磁碟陣列,由多顆磁碟機組成一個陣列,將資料以分段 (striping) 的方式同時對不同的磁碟做讀寫的動作。 使用 RAID 有以下目的: 提升可靠度:provides reliability via redundancy. 增進效能:improving performance by means of parallelism. RAID 把多個硬碟組合成為一個邏輯磁區,因此 OS 只會把它當作一個硬碟。RAID Level 高低不完全代表系統效能或可靠度的高低,端視管理員的需求。 ### RAID 0:Striping/Span 將資料切割存放到多部硬碟中且不會重複存放。 優點:效能改善,可進行平行讀寫,適用於具有高效能需求的系統。理論上,硬碟越多效能就等於[單一硬碟效能]×[硬碟數]。事實上受限於匯流排I/O瓶頸及其它硬體因素的影響,RAID 效能會隨邊際遞減。 缺點:完全沒有容錯能力 ### RAID 1:Mirroring 必須由 2 個以上的硬碟所組成,有資料寫入時,直接同時寫入兩個硬碟,故內部資料是完全一樣的。 優點:系統可靠度很高,極佳的資料安全性,實作容易。 缺點:效率最差,且需花費兩倍的成本。 ### RAID 0+1:Mirror + Striping 結合了 RAID 0 與 RAID 1 兩種模式。至少要 4 顆以上的磁碟,且硬碟總數需為偶數。 優點:擁有 RAID 1 容錯力,以及 RAID 0 整體讀寫速度。 缺點:一次最少要用上 4 顆硬碟,且也要浪費一半的總容量,成本很高。 ### RAID 2:Hamming Code 加入了錯誤修正碼 (ECC, Error Correction Code),不同的位元儲存在不同的硬碟中,具錯誤檢查與更正能力,當一部硬碟壞掉時,可由其它硬碟的內容來更正。例如:4 個 Bits 的資料需要 7 部硬碟來儲存,4 部存資料,3 部存Hamming Code。 [感覺] 無實質產品,幾乎可以用 mirror 了 ... ### RAID 3:Parallel with Parity 多利用一顆磁碟儲存同位元資訊達到容錯功能。當硬碟有問題,可由同位元檢測得知。所需的硬碟數較 RAID 2 節省。不是個好方法,因為全部的 disk 都不斷被寫 (Bit-interleaving),效能低落。 [感覺] 同位元 Ap = A1 XOR A2 XOR A3,同位元 (parity) 是效能瓶頸所在。 ### RAID 4:Parallel with Parity (block) 跟 RAID 3 相同,不過其支援的資料交插是以 block 為單位計算的。P-disk 不斷被寫,效能瓶頸。 ### RAID 5:Striping with Rotating Parity RAID 5 是一種儲存效能、資料安全和儲存成本兼顧的儲存解決方案,有較多的商業應用。與 RAID 4 雷同,但是 RAID 5 把同位元分散依序儲存於陣列中的每顆磁碟內,改善了 P-disk 不斷被寫的效能瓶頸。 ### RAID 6:Read Solomon Code RAID 6 增加第 2 個獨立的奇偶校驗資訊塊。容許 2 個硬碟同時損壞,至少必須具備 4 或 4 個以上硬碟才能生效。RAID 6 在硬體磁碟陣列卡的功能中,也是最常見的磁碟陣列等級。 [例題] RAID-5 Reliability Let the probability of 1-year up time of a disk be p The probability of 1-year up time of a RAID-0 having 4 disks : p4 (~0.96 if p=0.99) The probability of 1-year up time of a RAID-5 having 5 disks : p5+(5,1)(1-p)*p4 (~0.999 if p=0.99)

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