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    # 選修物理下 第10、11章 ###### tags: `高中物理` $\require{cancel}$ ## 電子 ### 電子的發現 - 主要科學家: - 實驗名稱: - 時間:1897年發表(1906年諾貝爾獎) - 現象 - **氣體放電**: - **陰極射線**: - 成果 1. 發現電子 2. 測量荷質比 $e/m=1.76\times 10^{11} \text{ C/kg}$ - 裝置 ![](https://i.imgur.com/vMp1Hm0.png =450x) ![](https://i.imgur.com/BgEEMI2.png =500x) 部件名稱 - A: - B: - C: - D: - E: - 問題: - 如何判斷帶電?如何判斷帶正/負電? - 如何判斷是從陰極射出? - 如何判斷是粒子? - 如何觀察到粒子的軌跡? - 如何推論該粒子普遍存在於所有物質? - 測量荷質比的原理 ![](https://i.imgur.com/lCzivhp.png) - 電子電荷量 $e$、質量 $m$ - 平行電極板提供均勻電場,量值 $E$,方向由下往上,電極板寬度 $\ell$ - 永久磁鐵提供均勻磁場,量值 $B$,方向射入紙面 - 調整 $E$ 和 $B$,使得: - 關掉磁場,讓電子在電場中做: - 離開電場後做: ::: warning **證明**:$$\dfrac{e}{m}=\dfrac{yv^2}{E\ell\left(\dfrac{\ell}{2}+D\right)}$$ **步驟** 1. 同時有電場和磁場,說明電子入射速率 $v=\dfrac{E}{B}$ 2. 只有電場,說明電子在電場中的加速度 $a=\dfrac{eE}{m}$ 3. 算出電子經過電場所需時間 $t_1=\dfrac{\ell}{v}$ 4. 算出電子在電場中的(垂直)偏折距離 $y_1=\dfrac{eE\ell^2}{2mv^2}$ 5. 算出電子從 $Q$ 點離開電場時,速度的 $y$ 方向分量為 $v_y=\dfrac{eE\ell}{mv}$ 6. 算出電子離開電場後到抵達螢光幕所需時間 $t_2=\dfrac{D}{v}$ 7. 算出電子離開電場後的(垂直)偏折距離 $y_2=\dfrac{eE\ell D}{mv^2}$ 8. 總(垂直)偏折距離 $y=y_1+y_2$ 9. 推得荷質比 ::: - 其他求荷質比的方法 電子經由電位差 $V$ 加速,垂直地進入均勻磁場 $B$,迴轉半徑為 $r$,試證明$$\dfrac{e}{m}=\dfrac{2V}{B^2r^2}$$ ![](https://i.imgur.com/H5au4I1.png =300x) $eV=\dfrac{1}{2}mv^2$ ### 電子電量的測量 - 主要科學家: - 實驗名稱: - 時間:1910年代 - 成果: - 測量出電子電量,即基本電荷量 $e=$ - 也計算出電子質量 $m=9.1\times 10^{-31}\text{ kg}$ - 也計算出亞佛加厥常數 $N_A=$ - 裝置: ![](https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/qGmy_-j0uMYSaasobptlVvh4qto=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/Simplified_scheme_of_Millikans_oil-drop_experiment.svg-637e1100c6bc49a08b6ca32d8e8feed8.png =400x) - 原理: ![](https://i.imgur.com/IQNyVjZ.png =300x) - 如果油滴靜止,則由力平衡關係 $mg=qE$,可推得每一個油滴的帶電量 $$q=\dfrac{mg}{E}$$ - 得到大量油滴帶電量的數據,取其: 具體來說,先取最小值,以此為準計算其他電量對此的比值 - 如果油滴非靜止,需要考慮空氣阻力係數、終端速率 ## X射線 ## 量子論的發現——黑體輻射 ## 量子論的發現——光電效應 ![](https://i.imgur.com/38TJKQr.png =250x) ## 拉塞福的原子模型 - 主要科學家:拉塞福 - 實驗名稱: - 時間:1911年 - 成果 - 發現: - 裝置 ![](https://i.imgur.com/FiVC2ty.png =250x) - 鉛座內 $\alpha$ 粒子放射源(鐳) - 金箔(厚度僅 1 μm) - 原理 - $\alpha$ 粒子與金原子內部的正、負電荷有靜電力作用,路徑產生偏移(此過程稱**散射**) - $\alpha$ 粒子產生散射角 $\phi$,撞擊在螢光幕,產生螢光 - 把撞擊次數對 $\phi$ 的關係畫出來 ![](https://i.imgur.com/KruHuf5.png =250x) - 問題 - 依照實驗結果,湯姆森的原子模型出了什麼問題? - 解釋:拉塞福原子模型(行星模型) - 原子核:1個,電荷量 $+Ze$ - 電子:$Z$ 個,電荷量 $-e$,像行星一樣繞轉原子核 ![](https://i.imgur.com/n2JQKxx.png =250x)![](https://i.imgur.com/G1LLkgL.png =300x) - 缺陷: - 原子的穩定性:電子會墜落到原子核並放出電磁波,但並沒有 - 光譜:放出的電磁波應呈現連續光譜,但實際測得不連續光譜 ## 氫原子光譜 1. 光譜 - 17世紀,牛頓用三稜鏡觀察到色散 - 19世紀 - 夫朗和斐設計光譜儀,可分析譜線的波長 - 克希荷夫發現每種元素的氣態都有特定光譜 - 分類: - 連續光譜: - 發射光譜(線狀光譜、明線光譜): - 吸收光譜(暗線光譜): ![](https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Brendan_Mclaughlin/publication/230569765/figure/fig2/AS:393314911178775@1470784990797/Continuous-spectrum-and-two-types-of-line-spectra.png =400x) 2. [氫原子光譜](https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%AB%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C) ![](https://www.thoughtco.com/thmb/NVjmylJ-zJrzTQRdUcl4tZlK6ag=/768x0/filters:no_upscale():max_bytes(150000):strip_icc():format(webp)/GettyImages-1096547948-35b3799817ca4b2fa06888893ef4a348.jpg =400x) - 可見光區有 - H-α:6562.8 Å - H-β:4860.7 Å - H-γ:4340.1 Å - H-δ:4101.2 Å - 1885年,巴耳末導出經驗公式$$\lambda=\dfrac{n^2}{n^2-2^2}\lambda_0,\quad n=3,4,5,\ldots,$$其中 $\lambda_0=364.56\text{ nm}$。$n=3$ 時,就是H-α,$n=4$ 時就是H-β,以此類推。後來氫原子可見光區的譜線系列稱為巴耳末系。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/Yt5JUp3.png =450x) - 1890年,芮得柏改寫巴耳末公式為$$\dfrac{1}{\lambda}=R_H\left(\dfrac{1}{2^2}-\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right),\quad n=3,4,5,\ldots,$$其中 $R_H=1.908\times 10^{-7}$,稱為氫原子的芮得柏常數。 - 1908年,瑞茲推廣為$$\dfrac{1}{\lambda}=R_H\left(\dfrac{1}{m^2}-\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right),\quad m,n\in\mathbb{N}\ 且\ n>m,$$ ## 波耳的氫原子模型 - 主要科學家:波耳 - 實驗名稱:無(但是基於拉塞福原子模型和氫原子光譜) - 假設 1. 電子僅被允許在某些特定的軌道上做圓周運動,這些軌道稱為**穩定態**,能量為定值。且電子在穩定態的角動量等於 $\hbar=h/2\pi$ 的整數倍,即$$L=rmv=\dfrac{nh}{2\pi},\quad n=1,2,3\ldots,$$其中 $r$ 為軌道半徑,$m$ 為電子質量,$v$ 為軌道速率,$h$ 為普朗克常數,$n$ 稱為量子數。 2. 電子可以從較高能量 $E_i$ 的軌道,轉移到低能量 $E_f$ 的軌道(這個過程稱為**躍遷**),放出一個光子,其能量等於兩軌道的能量差,即$$h\nu=E_i-E_f,$$其中 $\nu$ 為光子的頻率。 - 預測氫原子光譜(假設原子核質量遠大於 $m$) ![](https://i.imgur.com/2d7Cphe.png =250x) 1. 電子的向心力由庫侖力提供$$m\dfrac{v^2}{r}=\dfrac{kZe^2}{r^2}。\tag{1}$$ 2. 由假設1,$rmv=nh/2\pi$,得到$$v=\dfrac{nh}{2\pi rm}。\tag{2}$$ 3. 將(2)式帶入(1)式,$$\dfrac{\cancel{m}}{r}\dfrac{n^2h^2}{4\pi ^2\cancel{r^2}m^\cancel{2}}=\dfrac{kZe^2}{\cancel{r^2}},$$解 $r$ 得到$$\boxed{r=\dfrac{n^2h^2}{4\pi mkZe^2}},\quad n=1,2,3,\ldots。\tag{3}$$ 4. 系統的力學能為$$E=-\dfrac{kZe^2}{2r},$$代入(3)式到上式,得到$$\boxed{E=-\dfrac{2\pi^2 mk^2Z^2e^4}{h^2}\left(\dfrac{1}{n^2}\right)},\quad n=1,2,3,\ldots。\tag{4}$$ 5. 將已知的常數代入(4)式 - $m=9.31\times 10^{-31}\text{ kg}$ - $e=1.602\times 10^{-19}\text{ C}$ - $k=8.99\times 10^{-9} \text{ N}\cdot\text{m}^2\cdot\text{m}^{-2}$ - $h=6.626\times 10^{-34} \text{ J}\cdot\text{s}$ 得到$$r_n=\dfrac{0.0529}{Z}n^2 \text{ (nm)},\tag{5}$$以及$$E_n=-\dfrac{13.6Z^2}{n^2} \text{ (eV)}。\tag{6}$$ ## 物質波 ## 原子核

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