林雅璇
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# [D23] 物件偵測(4) 前面我們認識的都是"two stage"的方法,在整體的運行過程上沒有那麼快速,所以在很多行動裝置上都漸漸地採用"oen stage"來做影像辨識,這邊要介紹的是 **`YOLO`** 系列! ### YOLO(You Only Look Once) "只要讓我看一眼,我就知道是什麼",像字面上的意思,當圖片經過 YOLO 這個演算法,只需要對圖片做一次深度學習便能夠判斷裡面的物體類別跟位置,且可以一次偵測**多個物件**,大大提升辨識速度。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/PUiRnaQ.png) 接下來我們先從一開始的 YOLOv1 開始認識吧~ #### YOLOv1 YOLOv1 就是這個構想的第一版,把**整張圖片**當作輸入,會直接預測出 bounding box 的座標位置,且 bounding box 包含物體的 `confidence` 和物體的 `classification`。 > confidence 是物體的**信心分數**,代表此框為 ground truth 的機率為多少。 #### YOLOv1 的實現 基本上就是將圖拆成很多個 grid cell,然後在每個 grid cell 進行 bounding box 的預測和屬於哪個類別的機率預測,最後用 threshold 和 NMS (非極大值抑制,Non-Maximum Suppression)的方式得到結果。 ![](https://i.imgur.com/lGGD17i.png) * step 1 YOLO 會把圖平均分成 S×S 格,每一格在英文中被稱為 grid cell。 當"要被偵測的物件中心"落在哪一個 grid cell,該 grid cell 就要負責偵測這個物件。 * step 2 每個 grid cell 必須要負責預測「n 個 bounding boxes」和「屬於每個類別的機率」。每個 bounding box 會帶有 5 個參數 (x, y, w, h, and confidence) * (x, y) 是物件在 grid cell 的中心座標 * w 和 h 是 bbox 的寬度和高度 >我們會習慣把 bounding box 簡寫成 bbox~ ~~(不是饒舌的那種 B-box)~~ * step 3 YOLO 的 tensor 公式為 **S × S × (B × 5 + C)。** * B 是在一個 grid cell 中 bbox 的數量 * 乘上 5 是因為每個 bbox 有 5 個參數 * C 是物件的類別數量 #### YOLOv1 的缺點 YOLOv1 對於**靠得很近**的物體,或是**很小**的物體,辨識效果不是很好,這是因為一個 grid cell 裡最多只產生兩個 bbox 來偵測。 *未完待續......* [圖片來源1](https://zhanghanduo.github.io/post/yolo1/) [圖片來源2](https://medium.com/@chenchoulo/yolo-%E4%BB%8B%E7%B4%B9-4307e79524fe) [論文](https://github.com/aleju/papers/blob/master/neural-nets/YOLO.md)

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