张晋珲
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    # **王朝国家与方言集团** 中世纪以来的这些王朝的根本正当性和民族属性毫不相干,同一个王室的成员经常统治着不同的,有时甚至是相互敌对的国家。这些王朝确定了某种方言作为国家语言,不过选择何种方言是处于不自觉的继承或者处于方便的结果。 哈布斯堡王室(一个靠政治联姻获得大量土地的王室)为了统一帝国并建立帝国内部普遍性的意图。但王朝愈是强力推动德语作为帝国的语言,就愈引发起不说德语的臣民的反感。但当王朝不再努力推动的德语化的过程,比如对匈牙利语做出让步时,不仅统一的进程倒退,连说德语的臣民都感觉自己受到侮辱了。 欧洲的辞典编纂学革命扩散了一种观点,语言是那些每天讲这些话,读这个语言的人的个人财产。 而且,说这种方言的集团所想象组成的共同体和其他的方言集团之间占有自主的位置。(**某种国际秩序的雏形**) 而皇帝也开始归化,也称自己是很多和他同类的人的当中的一个。而不在称自己是神圣而纯粹的了,也因此,意味着他有可能成为他的同胞的**叛徒**。 慢慢的十九世纪中叶所有的君主都在使用某种方言来作为国家语言,民族认同的理念迅速在欧洲蔓延开,这些**新的认同**撑住了在资本主义,怀疑主义,和科学的年代里,愈来愈难以在推定的神圣性与纯粹的古老这两者基础上安稳立足的政权的正当性。 # 官方民族主义 这种倾向导致了以沙皇的俄罗斯化政策为著名案例的一种“官方民族主义”的出现。这是一种同时结合归化与保存王朝的权力,把民族这层“又短又紧”的皮撑大到足以覆盖整个广大,多语言的领土上。 官方民族主义这种刻意将民族与王朝制帝国的融合是一种对于1820年以来蔓延全欧洲的群众性民族主义的**反动**(reaction)。 整个被英国占领的印度最开始统治它的是一个*商业企业*,不是一个国家,更不是一个民族国家,但之后国会开始分配资金以振兴本地人的教育,认为可以创造出“一个种类的人,他们的血统和肤色是印度人,但他们的品味,意见,道德和思维能力却是英国式的。”意图推动一种精神的混种(mental miscegenation).印度籍的地方长官在心灵和举止上几乎丝毫不逊于任何英国人,但也切断了和他的母体社会的关系,疏离了自己同胞的社会,而且在他们当中成为社会和道德上的贱民,他们就像居住在这个国家的欧洲人一样,是他们自己家乡土地上的异乡人。并且他们的宿命就像美洲的欧裔海外移民,永远排除在印度殖民政府的最高职位之外。英国化的政策创造出的这些人凸显出了官方民族主义的根本矛盾,即~~****`帝国与民族之内在的互不相容`****。~~ 但是日本的例子有点特殊 日本德川幕府无力面对西方的入侵,一小群中级武士在1868年推翻了幕府,并在四年内解散了所有地方性“封建”藩兵。以中央集权的方式垄断了所有暴力手段,下令促进所有成年男子的识字能力,并引进了征兵制,向天下英才敞开了军官们的大门,日本农民从封建藩制的支配中被释放出来,并从此以后直接受到国家和商业化农业的地主之剥削。最终男性普选权也来了,某种**公民的民族**“**nation-of-citizens**”的模型。之后的一系列军事胜利与殖民,开始让日本人逐渐开始想象自己所属的那个民族。但与欧洲民族主义有所不同的是,欧洲的民族主义诞生之初就是以“国际社会的意识”为基底的,即战争是这个“国际社会”之中的成员的冲突。但日本在之前的几个世纪的孤立意味着对国际性事务中的对等性关系的完全无知,**攘夷论者以基于国内的阶层支配体系之眼来看待国际关系**,因此国际问题一开始就被化约成“征服或被征服”的二元对立。从一开始的消极被动的防范意识突然就变成了无限制的扩张主义。 激进民族主义思想家与革命家的北一辉说“正如国内的阶级斗争旨在重整不平等的区分,国际间也可以为了重新划分现阶段不公不义的势力范围而光荣出师,英国是大富豪,俄罗斯是大地主,而被划定在散粟般岛屿界限之间而在国际上处于无产者地位的日本,难道无权以正义之名向那些强权宣战吗?那些承认国内的无产阶级的斗争,却又将国际的无产阶级发动的战争谴责为军国主义的欧美社会主义者,根本思想是自我矛盾的。” 贱民宣言-或者,台湾悲剧的道德意义--吴叡人 https://www.douban.com/group/topic/38732033/ 而且就算不是这种有强权企图的国家,一旦该国统治者感觉到以民族之名想象的共同体席卷全球并对他们造成威胁时,他们就会效仿这模式。 # 殖民地民族主义 第一次世界大战后,民族国家成为正当性如此之高的国际规范,第二次世界大战后出现的新国家也袭取了欧洲的语言民族主义的热烈的民粹主义,和官方民族主义的政策取向。 而出现在殖民地的民族主义知识分子阶层具有一种特征,首先他们非常年轻,并且对他们的年轻赋予了某种复杂的政治意义,似乎都代表了一种未来,进步的活力的,自我牺牲的理想主义和革命的意志。 殖民地的**学校体系**在促成殖民地民族主义的兴起里扮演了独特的角色。学校本身很类似国家官僚体系那种巨大的高度理性并受到紧密的中央集权控制的层级组织,统一的教科书,标准化的文凭,班级授课制等等这些因素本身共同创造了一个自足的有连贯的经验世界,这些为殖民地地图赋予了一种关于某一**特定领土想象的真实性**,这种想象的真实性每天都在同伴同学不同的肤色口音上重复确认。教育政策的目标就是生产一批精心算计过的一定数量的能够说,写母国语言的人,他们的功能在充当一个政治上可靠,心怀感激,并且同化了的本地精英阶层,以填补殖民地的官僚机构和较大型企业组织内的下层职位。越南政府出版了数以万计的改造过的越南语“拉丁化”的教材,大大加速了这个欧洲人发明的书写符号的扩散,但这也无意中成为了1920年到1945年这段期间成为了代表越南文化(和民族)团结的群众性媒介。但印度尼西亚从17世纪就被荷兰殖民,但是等到20世纪初荷兰人才开始认真教导本地人荷兰语,经过缓慢的,大体上未经过计划的过程,一种奇怪的国家语言从一个古老的跨岛屿的共通语的基础上演化而来。语言最重要的之处在于它能够产生想象的共同体,民族这个理念现在几乎已经牢牢地固着在所有印刷语言中。 #### 殖民地民族主义的起源乃是对工业资本主义所造就的新式全球帝国主义的一个反应。 # # 爱国主义与种族主义 ## 为什么人们随时愿意为这些创造物献身? 就如同很多学者谈论过的“家庭是一种表现的清清楚楚的权力结构”这个概念,对于绝大多数的人类而言这当然是一个完全陌生的概念,传统上家庭一直被想象成属于无私的爱与团结的领域。对于大多数来自任何一个阶级的一般人而言,民族这个东西的整个重点正是在于它是不带有利害关系的。正因为这个理由,民族可以要求(成员)牺牲。这是某种装扮成理念共同体的利益共同体。国歌里那种历史性的宿命也是经由语言想象出来的共同体,民族因此同时将自身表现既是开放的,又是封闭的。民族是并不是由血统构想出来的,而种族主义是,而且种族主义的根源实质上存在于阶级的意识形态。种族与反犹主义并未跨越民族界限,而是在民族界限之类。换言之,它所欲正当化者,与其说是对外战争,不如说是对内的压迫与宰制。

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